Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has
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The ureter extends downward
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Results in a more dilute urine:
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Results in a more concentrated urine:
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Label the parts of the urinary system and associated structures.
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Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
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In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported?
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The micturition reflex center is in the
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As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
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Kidney shrinkage with age is due to
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The relative concentration of potassium is
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Most hydrogen ions are secreted
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Part of the nephron:
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Renal vasculature:
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The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.
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Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate.
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The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary bed called the _____________ and a capsule of epithelial cells.
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The __________________________ of blood forces water and solutes out of the blood and into the capsule.
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Glomerular filtrate collects in the ________________________ before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the _____________ .
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After flowing through the proximal tubule, fluid enters the ______________ which extends toward the renal papilla.
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Fluid in the __________________ would flow into a collecting duct.
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Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?
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Label the blood vessels associated with the urinary system.
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Causes increased GFR:
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Causes decreased GFR:
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Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of
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Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?
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What hormone is secreted by the kidneys?
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Recall the definition of ________________ : the maintenance of a stable internal environment. The function of the kidneys is important in maintaining the internal environment.
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As water volume in the blood decreases and the osmolarity increases, the hormone _____ is released, causing the kidneys to retain water.
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As sodium levels of the blood decrease, the hormone _________________ is released. It causes an increase in sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
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As blood pH decreases, the secretion of _______________ by the renal tubules increases, producing a more acidic urine.
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Overall, the kidneys are able to handle each component independently. Those that are too abundant in the blood are _________ and those whose levels are dropping are _________________.
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A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can
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An increase in urine volume is termed
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Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
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An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.
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The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____.
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Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?
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Filtration of fluids and solutes from plasma
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Receives the plasma filtrate
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Reabsorption of nutrients, glucose, various ions, and water
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Reabsorption of only water
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Selective reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions
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Reabsorption of sodium, water, and secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions
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Place the name of each compound in the correct location to illustrate the steps in the activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Define incontinence.
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Label the structures seen in the photomicrograph of the kidney.
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Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
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When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold,
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Increases urine volume:
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Decreases urine volume:
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Renal secretion occurs as:
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All substances filtered from the blood by the nephron are excreted in the urine.
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Reabsorption in the kidney occurs when:
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What is the definition of renal filtration?
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The layers of a ureter are
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A nephron consists of
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Place the sequence of events describing proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption in the correct order.
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Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?
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Podocytes and pedicels are part of the
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The organs of the urinary system are
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The first capillary bed associated with the nephron
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The urinary system is involved in the regulation of:
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Place the labels in order, following the flow of blood through the kidney.
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The _______________ is the layer that contains the capillary beds that function to filter the blood, called _______________. Most renal tubules are located in this layer.
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The _________________ is the layer that contains the descending and ascending limbs of the ______________ that function in water and sodium reabsorption.
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The ____________ is the hollow portion of the kidney, filled with vessels, the renal calyces, and the renal pelvis.
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Label the pressures involved in determining the net filtration rate at a glomerulus using the hints provided. Note that the length of the arrows is relative to the value of each pressure.
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Label the structures of the renal corpuscle and juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
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Renal function that is associated with urine production:
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Renal function that is NOT associated with urine production:
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A renal corpuscle is a _____, whereas a renal tubule is a _____.
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When the urinary bladder becomes stretched, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials traveling from:
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In response to activation of the micturition reflex, ______ stimulate the smooth muscle on the urinary bladder to contract.
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When urination is desired, decreased action potentials along which nerve pathway causes relaxation of the external urinary(urethral) sphincter?
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If urination is not convenient, the brain sends impulses down the spinal cord to inhibit the micturition reflex.
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Increases Filtration:
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Decreases filtration:
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Nephron loop:
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Vasa Recta:
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Urea is a byproduct of the metabolism of
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Uric acid is a byproduct of the metabolism of
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Creatinine is a byproduct of the metabolism of
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If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases.
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The ______________ acts as the countercurrent multiplier.
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The increase in osmolarity as filtrate moves down the descending limb is due to ________ moving out of the tubule.
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The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb is due to ___________ moving out of the tubule.
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The filtrate is ______________ at the tip of the nephron loop and _________________ at the end of the ascending limb.
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The concentration gradient found in the renal tubules is also found in the interstital fluid of the renal ______________.
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Nocturnal enuresis is
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Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus.
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The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the
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When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
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Place the structures of the urinary tract in order, following the flow of urine.
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The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the
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Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat