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Companies facing the challenge of setting prices for the first time can choose between two broad strategies: market-penetration pricing and ________.
market-competitive pricing
market-level pricing
market-skimming pricing
market-price lining
market-price filling
Of the following, which statement(s) would NOT support a market-skimming policy for a new product?
The product's quality and image support its higher price.
Enough buyers want the products at that price.
Competitors are not able to undercut the high price.
Competitors can enter the market easily.
A firm is using ________ when it charges a high, premium price for a new product with the intention of reducing the price in the future.
price skimming
trial pricing
value pricing
market-penetration pricing
prestige pricing
________ pricing is the approach of setting a low initial price in order to attract a large number of buyers quickly and win a large market share.
Market-skimming
Market-penetration
Below-market
Value-based
Leader
Which of the following conditions would NOT support the use of a market-penetration pricing strategy?
The market is highly price sensitive.
Production and distribution costs will fall as sales volume increases.
The product's quality and image support a high price.
A low price would help keep out the competition.
Which of the following is a reason that a marketer would choose a penetration pricing strategy?
to ensure the company has the ability to increase prices once demand decreases
to focus on the rapid achievement of profit objectives
to appeal to different consumer segments with different levels of price sensitivity
to create markets for highly technical products
to discourage competition from entering the market
Companies usually develop ________ rather than ________.
single products; product families
product lines; single products
product families; product lines
product brands; product images
product images; product brands
A marketer must be familiar with the five major product mix pricing situations. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
product line pricing
optional product pricing
captive product pricing
unbundled product pricing
by-product pricing
Typically, producers who use captive-product pricing set the price of the main product ________ and set ________ on the supplies necessary to use the product.
low; low markups
high; low markups
low; high markups
high; high markups
moderately; moderate markups
Mach 3 razor blades must be used in the Mach 3 razor. Which type of pricing is being used?
product line pricing
optional product pricing
captive product pricing
by-product pricing
product bundle pricing
In the case of services, captive product pricing is called ________ pricing.
by-product
optional product
two-part
bundle
segmented
amusement parks and movie theaters charge admission plus fees for food and other attractions, they are following a(n) ________ pricing strategy.
by-product
optional product
two-part
skimming
penetration
HiPoint Telephone Company uses two-part pricing for its long-distance call charges. Because this is a service, the price is broken into a fixed fee plus a(n) ________.
fixed usage rate
variable usage rate
standard usage rate
market usage rate
optional usage rate
Companies involved in deciding which items to include in the base price and which to offer as options are engaged in ________ pricing.
product bundle
optional product
captive product
by-product
skimming
Using ________, companies are able to turn their trash into cash, allowing them to make the price of their main product more competitive.
product bundle pricing
optional product pricing
captive product pricing
by-product pricing
skimming
Using product bundle pricing, sellers combine several products and offer the bundle ________.
as a functional unit
at a reduced price
as a complete self-service package
as a reward to loyal customers
at a premium price
What is a major advantage of product bundle pricing?
It can promote the sales of products consumers might not otherwise buy.
It allows a company to offset the costs of disposing of by-products.
It combines the benefits of the other pricing strategies.
It creates a brand experience for consumers.
It offers consumers less value for the money.
Which of the following is NOT a price adjustment strategy?
segmented pricing
promotional pricing
free samples
geographical pricing
seasonal pricing
A quantity discount is a price reduction to buyers who purchase ________.
frequently
large volumes
close outs
inferior merchandise
superior merchandise
Trade or functional discounts are offered by manufacturers to ________.
channel members who perform tasks that the manufacturer would otherwise have to perform
consumers who earn a price reduction for buying in bulk
intermediaries such as financing institutions as a cost of doing business with them
other channel members that agree to exclusive distribution contracts
the government market and other organizations that require bid proposals
When General Motors provides payments or price reductions to its new car dealers as rewards for participating in advertising and sales support programs, it is granting a ________.
trade discount
functional discount
cash discount
promotional allowance
trade credit
By definition, ________ is used when a firm sells a product or service at two or more prices, even though the difference in price is not based on differences in cost.
segmented pricing
variable pricing
flexible pricing
cost-plus pricing
reference pricing
The New Age Gallery has three admission prices for students, adults, and seniors. All three groups are entitled to the same services. This form of pricing is called ________.
time pricing
location pricing
customer-segmented pricing
revenue management pricing
generational pricing
Consumers usually perceive higher-priced products as ________.
being in the maturity stage of the product life cycle
having a higher quality
having low profit margins
popular brands
being in the introductory stage of the product life cycle
Consumers are less likely to use price to judge the quality of a product when they ________.
lack information
lack skills to use the product
have experience with the product
are shopping for a specialty item
cannot physically examine the product
Which of the following refers to the prices that a buyer carries in his or her mind and refers to when looking at a given product?
target prices
reference prices
promotional prices
geographical prices
dynamic prices
When consumers cannot judge quality because they lack the information or skill, price becomes ________.
less important
insignificant
an important quality signal
the only driver of the purchase
negotiable
What type of pricing is being used when a company temporarily prices its product below the list price or even below cost to create buying excitement and urgency?
segmented pricing
psychological pricing
referent pricing
promotional pricing
basing-point pricing
Promotional pricing can have all of the following adverse effects EXCEPT ________.
creating deal-prone customers
eroding the brand's value in the eyes of customers
giving pricing secrets away to competitors
becoming addictive to both the customer and business
delaying the company's focus on long-term strategies
Low-interest financing and longer warranties are both examples of ________.
segmented pricing
promotional pricing
allowances
discounts
product-form pricing
Which of the following is NOT a geographical pricing strategy?
FOB-origin pricing
zone pricing
dynamic pricing
uniform-delivered pricing
basing-point pricing
Durango China Company charges all customers within different identified geographical areas a single total price. The more distant the area, the higher the price. This is ________.
freight-absorption pricing
zone pricing
uniform-delivered pricing
FOB-origin pricing
bulk rate pricing
When a company charges the same rate to ship a product anywhere in the United States, it is using which form of geographic pricing?
FOB delivered
FOB factory
FOB origin
uniform-delivered
basing-point
The Internet offers ________, where the price can easily be adjusted to meet changes in demand.
captive pricing
dynamic pricing
basing-point pricing
price bundling
cost-plus pricing
There are many reasons why a firm might consider cutting its price. All of the following are among them EXCEPT ________.
excess capacity
falling demand in the face of strong price competition
a drive to dominate the market through lower costs
a drive to reduce market share
a drive to gain market share and cut costs through volume
Which of the following is a reason for a company to raise its prices?
to address the issue of overdemand for a product
to win a larger share of the market
to use excess capacity
to boost sales volume
to balance out decreasing costs
When a competitor cuts its price, a company is most likely to decide to ________ if it believes it will not lose much market share or would lose too much profit by cutting its own price.
stabilize its production costs
reduce its marketing costs
maintain its current prices and profit margin
increase its marketing budget to raise the perceived value of the product
increase its production costs to improve the quality of the product
Which of the following is NOT an effective action that a company can take to combat a competitor's price cut on a product?
reduce price
raise perceived value
improve quality and increase price
improve quality and decrease price
launch a low-price "fighter brand"
Price fixing, predatory pricing, retail price maintenance, and deceptive pricing are examples of ________.
common pricing policies
major public policy issues in pricing
ethical pricing strategies
pricing policies used mostly in the wholesale sector
pricing used mostly in the retail sector
If a large retailer sold numerous items below cost with the intention of punishing small competitors and gaining higher long-run profits by putting those competitors out of business, the retailer would be guilty of ________.
price collusion
price fixing
predatory pricing
discriminatory pricing
penetration pricing
Which of the following would most likely be considered predatory pricing?
pricing below cost to get rid of a surplus
pricing below cost to drive out competitors
offering a volume discount
offering a suggested retail price on the manufacturer's package
offering real-time pricing online
Valeo Fashions has just introduced a new line of fashion dresses for teens. It will initially enter the market at high prices in a ________ pricing strategy.
market-penetration
market-skimming
competitive market
psychological
demographic
When Pepsi came out with Pepsi Blue and priced it at half price to attract buyers, Pepsi was using ________.
market-skimming pricing
market-penetration pricing
new-product pricing
discount pricing
value-added pricing
Johnson Boats wants to introduce a new model of boat into mature markets in highly developed countries with the goal of quickly gaining mass-market share. As a consultant, you should recommend a ________ pricing strategy.
market-skimming
market-penetration
loss-leader
zone
captive-product
When Circuit Town Electronics sets its televisions at three price levels of $699, $899, and $1,099, it is using ________.
product line pricing
market-skimming pricing
market-penetration pricing
break-even pricing
target return pricing
When Polaroid set the general price range of its cameras low and the markup on its film high, it was practicing ________.
market-penetration pricing
market-skimming pricing
product line pricing
captive product pricing
price bundling
A car maker’s strategy of advertising a basic vehicle model with few conveniences and comforts at a low price to entice buyers and then convincing customers to buy higher-priced models with more amenities is an example of which of the following?
product line pricing
optional product pricing
captive product pricing
by-product pricing
cost-based pricing
When Whallans Gift Card Shop offers a price reduction to customers who buy Christmas cards the week after Christmas, Whallans is giving a(n) ________ discount.
functional
seasonal
annual
allowance
credit
Secret Sneaker will give anyone $10 for an old pair of sneakers, regardless of condition, when that person purchases a new pair of sneakers. The end result is essentially reducing the price of the new sneakers by $10. What is this type of price adjustment called?
functional discount
captive product
seasonal discount
trade-in allowance
by-product
The JC Whitney Company of Chicago offers replacement parts for older Volkswagen Beetles. Parts are often shipped from other locations throughout the United States. However, the company charges for shipping as if every part was shipped from its Chicago headquarters. The company practices ________.
FOB-origin pricing
uniform-delivered pricing
zone pricing
basing-point pricing
none of the above
If Northwest Awnings charges the same price for delivery of its product to any customer that is located within the Great Lakes states, but a different price to customers outside of the Great Lakes states, the company is using ________.
psychological pricing
promotional pricing
reference pricing
zone pricing
uniform-delivered pricing
Big Mike's Health Food Store sells nutritional energy-producing foods. The price of the products sold varies according to individual customer accounts and situations. For example, long-time customers receive discounts. This strategy is an example of ________.
price elasticity
cost-plus pricing
dynamic pricing
everyday low pricing
penetration pricing
In response to price cuts from competitors, a cereal company with several more expensive and higher quality cereals introduced a lower-priced option to its product line. This is an example of which of the following responses to a competitor’s price cut?
raising the perceived value of a product
improving product quality
accepting a reduced market share
launching a "fighter brand"
using high-low pricing
A number of top fashion-modeling agencies would most likely be charged with ________ for jointly determining what commissions they would charge for models.
prestige pricing
predatory pricing
price bundling
dynamic pricing
price fixing
Savings for You, a discount retail chain, is highly competitive. When entering a new market, Savings for You often cuts prices so deeply that it sells below costs, effectively pushing smaller companies with less purchasing power out of the market. Savings for You is most at risk of being accused of ________.
market skimming
price fixing
deceptive pricing
price confusion
predatory pricing
Market-skimming pricing would likely be most effective in selling ________.
any convenience item
an electronic device for which research and development must be recouped
shampoo and bath soap
anything easily copied by competitors
most items at EDLP retailers such as Walmart
Among the following, a market-penetration strategy will likely be most effective with ________.
pharmaceuticals
an electronic device for which R&D must be recouped
convenience items for which there is much competition
any specialty item
a product manufactured in small quantities and distributed in limited areas
Lancaster Recycling has a history of problems with customers who do not pay their bills on time. Lancaster Recycling wants to improve its cash situation, reduce bad debts, and reduce credit-collection costs. The company might consider which of the following forms of pricing?
by-product
inflation-adjusted
cash discounts
captive-product
penetration
Manor Cinemas has announced that seniors over 60 years of age can enter the theater for free prior to 4:00 p.m. when accompanied by a paying customer. This is an example of ________.
promotional pricing
discounts and allowances
by-product pricing
product bundle pricing
location-based pricing
Mark's Markers, a manufacturer of color markers, has required its dealers to charge a specified retail price for its markers. Mark's is most likely guilty of ________.
price fixing
retail price maintenance
price discrimination
price collusion
unfair price skimming
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