It is produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the electric field of a target atom of nucleus.

It is capable of transferring energy to an atom by a process known as excitation.

The electrons in an atom are moved to a higher energy state without actually being removed from the atom.

A process of adding or removing an electron from an atom.

This refers to the total number of ion pairs produced by both primary and secondary ionization events per unit of track length along a charge particle track.