The French nobility was significantly wealthier than that of England and therefore could afford to pay men of letters to appear at their salons

Private gatherings of foreigners were banned in England during the late 18th century as the English monarchy turned more conservative

The English upper class was largely disinterested in Enlightenment ideas and therefore refused to invite philosophers into their homes

French philosophers were at a greater risk of censorship and imprisonment because France was an absolute monarchy

Republicanism

Divine right of kings.

Constitutional monarchy.

Enlightened despotism.

The salon was an elite phenomenon.

The salon was confined to a smaller audience.

The salon was a private, not professionalized, experience.

The salon avoided use of the arts as a means to convey Enlightenment ideals.

Advances were confined to the upper classes.

Intellectual innovations emerged first from non-elites.

Discourse in philosophy and the arts developed into public opinion.

The visual and performing arts dominated intellectual discourse.

With attempts at censorship.

With centralized control.

With increased patronage.

With official endorsement.

All citizens, regardless of their gender or socio-economic status, should have the right to vote.

Government isn't the problem of, but rather the solution to, society's ills.

Man is born in a pure state of nature, but is corrupted by society.

Society's moral standards must be based on Christian principles.

The idea that the most important function of the law is to protect the private property of individuals.

The idea that individual desires should be subordinated to the perceived wishes of the group.

The idea that the source of legitimate political authority is the social contract agreed to by all citizens for their mutual protection.

The idea that those who do not accept the general will, must be forced to do what they ought to do, not what they want to do.

laissez-faire economic policies.

dictatorship.

a colonial empire.

mercantilism.

Slavery is an unfortunate but necessary step in the development of capitalism.

Political institutions are essential to protect man's natural rights.

Man can achieve fulfillment through hard work and service to others.

Individual liberty is a basic necessity for human happiness.

Rousseau articulated separate spheres for me and women, while most philosophers advocated for women's political rights.

Rousseau encouraged the revival of religious faith, while most philosophers critiqued the authority of the Catholic Church.

Rousseau believed that man had been happiest in a state of nature, while most philosophers championed the role of modern political and social institutions.

Rousseau favored a government headed by a committed minority, while most philosophers recommended representative democracy.

Romanticism.

Neoclassicalism.

Nihilism.

Post Modernism.

The depiction of the martial spirit of the Classical Roman Empire.

The admiration of Republican Roman values.

The secondary importance of female characters.

The emphasis on Biblical stories.

Baroque.

Rococco.

Renaissance.

Romantic.

The three male figures on the left gladly give up their weapons to a higher power.

Only the male figures demonstrate political abilities.

All four men pledge themselves to actively defend their common interests.

The darkened arches in the background symbolize the dangers of active citizenship.

The Lutheran Swedes supported the Protestant princes of Germany against the Catholic Hapsburgs.

The Swedish king supported the Hapsburg attempt to establish control over the Holy Roman Empire because Gustavus Adolphus was a Hapsburg.

The Swedes were paid to intervene on the Protestant side by England's King Charles I.

Gustavus Adolphus admired Martin Luther and was attempting to rescue him from capture by Catholic forces.

Rather than using mercenaries, the Swedish king was uniquely able to convince men to join the army out of patriotic motivation.

Gustavus Adolphus adopted new and flexible tactics and improved training to take advantage of new technologies such as hand-held firearms.

The king bridged religious differences and formed secular alliances between Protestants and Catholics.

The tactics of Gustavus Adolphus signaled the end of medieval warfare because he was the first to use cannon to assault castle walls.

17th century Amsterdam became the "Marketplace of Northern Europe".

Most classes in Dutch society were not able to participate in the wealth created by Dutch commerce.

The late 16th century and 17th century represented the first stage of globalization.

The Amsterdam Bourse Stock Exchange traded shares in joint-stock companies that made large returns for their investors.

The Bank of Amsterdam was much smaller and less powerful than the Bank of London.

Amsterdam and other Dutch cities became important urban financial centers in the 16th century and 17th century.

The Dutch East Indies could not penetrate the dominance of Portugal in the African trade system.

Dutch trade played only a minor role in the increasing political power of Holland in Europe.

Rousseau warned the Poles that liberum veto allowed nobles to disrupt the workings of government for their own selfish gain.

Rousseau believed liberum veto was dangerous because the Polish military could take over the government.

Rousseau favored liberum veto because Poland was located between powerful and expansionistic neighbors in central Europe.

Rousseau warned that liberum veto would enhance the power of the King.

To compete with other European powers, Poland would need to seek overseas colonies in order to stay relevant.

Polish nobles should continue to hold as much power as possible in the face of the king.

Polish nobles had to realize that too much individual power in the Diet kept the nation weak and divided in the face of the strong absolute monarchies surrounding them.

Polish nobles had to change to allow the secularization of the government.

The Act of Supremacy

The Magna Carta

The Domesday Book

Leviathan

The Glorious Revolution.

The Anglo-Dutch Wars.

The English Civil War.

The War of the Spanish Succession.

James I.

Charles I.

Charles II.

Henry IV.

The demise of the Anglican Church in England.

The fear of Protestant England becoming Catholic once again under Charles I.

A new alliance between England and France's Louis XIV.

The arrest and subsequent exiles of Puritans.