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- 1. Multiple Choice1. When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus?Internal validityExternal validityConstruct validityStatistical validity
- 2. Multiple Choice2. Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design?A random sampleA valid measureA comparison groupA manipulation
- 3. Multiple Choice3. Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities?Internal validity and construct validityExternal validity and construct validityInternal validity and external validityInternal validity only
- 4. Multiple Choice4. Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect?A weak manipulationAn insensitive measureA reverse confoundCeiling effect
- 5. Multiple Choice5. Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a/an:Weak manipulationCeiling effectFloor effectOutlier
- 6. Multiple Choice6. A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a/an:Weak confoundInsensitive confoundNull confoundReverse confound
- 7. Multiple Choice7. Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as:Error varianceNull effectGroup inconsistencySituational variability
- 8. Multiple Choice8. Testing threats involve ________ whereas instrumentation threats involve ________.Researchers; participantsParticipants; measurementsIndependent variables; dependent variablesWithin-groups; between groups
- 9. Multiple Choice9. When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be a ________.A matched groups designA within-groups designUse of a control groupA masked design
- 10. Multiple Choice10. What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?To increase internal validity and to establish external validityTo compare participant variables and to establish covarianceTo find moderators and to find mediatorsTo test limits and to test theories
- 11. Multiple Choice11. The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.More important thanEqual toUnrelated toIndependent of
- 12. Multiple Choice12. According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?They are more scientific than other analyses.Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.They are more complicated than other analyses.They are easier to understand than main effects.
- 13. Multiple Choice13. Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 ×4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?2468
- 14. Multiple Choice14. Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude?There is no interaction.There is a crossover interaction.There is a spreading interaction.There is a main-effect interaction.
- 15. Multiple Choice15. What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?Main effects are less important than overall effects.Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects.Main effects look at one variable at a time; overall effects look at all variables simultaneously.There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.
- 16. Multiple Choice16. Psychologists use which of the following strategies to determine a study’s replicability?Internal validityRepeating the studyGeneralizingStudy reframing
- 17. Multiple Choice17. Which of the following is true of a scientific literature?It comprises studies conducted by a single researcher.It comprises studies that have tested the exact same variable.It comprises studies conducted all in the same year.It comprises studies conducted with different methods.
- 18. Multiple Choice18. Responsible journalists do which of the following as it pertains to discussing replicability?They report only on studies that have been directly replicated.They report findings only from meta-analyses.They provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies.They provide readers with statistical values from each study.
- 19. Multiple Choice19. Which of the following types of study does NOT support external validity?A study using a different type of populationA study that is a direct replicationA study that adds a new independent variableA study that adds a new dependent variable
- 20. Multiple Choice20. When generalizing the results of a sample to a population, which of the following is the most important question to ask?Where were the participants tested?How many participants were in the sample?How were the participants sampled?Do the participants come from the “real world”?
- 21. Multiple Choice21. ________ is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode.Clinical psychologyExperimental psychologySocial psychologyCultural psychology
- 22. Multiple Choice22. Which of the following is an advantage of studies that are conducted in real-world settings?They have a high degree of internal validity.They are more important than studies conducted in laboratories.They are high in ecological validity.They automatically generalize to other situations.
- 23. Multiple Choice23. Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities?Construct validity.External validityInternal validityStatistical validity
- 24. Multiple Choice24. Who determines the population to which a study’s findings generalize?The participantsJournalistsThe IRBThe researcher
- 25. Multiple Choice25. A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on ________, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on ________.Internal validity; external validityExternal validity; internal validityExternal validity; statistical validityStatistical validity; external validity
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