lines 2-4 ("she stepped...angle")

lines 8-11 ("i believe...else")

lines 11-16 ("irritated...excitement")

lines 18-20 ("she'd gone...london")

suggest that miss spivey has an exaggerated view of what information should be considered common knowledge

establish a friendly dynamic between the charming schoolchildren and their indulgent and doting new instructor

introduce ralphord as a precious young student and miss spivey as a dismissive and disinterested teacher

demonstrate that the children want to amuse miss spivey with their questions

dewey, knowing miss spivey wasn't very confident in her ability to teach, instilled in her a sense of determination

talking with dewey over coffee made miss spivey realize how excited she was to teach in the poorest, most remote corner of America

after two years spent studying, miss spivey was anxious to start teaching and be in charge of her own classroom

miss spivey's initial encounter with dewey's ideas was somewhat accidental but ultimately motivated her to decisive action

her friendship with janet miller

attending college in new york city

talking with a woman at the wpa

miss chandler's retirement from teaching

delighted

fascinated

baffled

worried

lines 66-67 ("she looked...thought")

lines 68-69 ("we all...up")

lines 70-72 ("she means...room")

lines 73-76 ("instead...right")

provide support for the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic

dispute the widely held belief that building and improving mass transit systems is good for the environment

discuss the negative environmental consequences of car-focused development and suburban sprawl

argue that one way to reduce the negative environmental effects of traffic is to make driving less agreeable

lines 1-4 ("building...car")

lines 4-6 ("to have...overall")

lines 12-14 ("but they're...productive")

lines 15-17 ("one...commutes")

supported

copied

substituted

jammed

costly to implent

not widely supported

strongly opposed by experts

environmentally harmful in the short term

they are doomed to fail because most people like driving too much to change their habits

they overestimate how tolerant people are of long commutes

they are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm

they will only work if they make driving more economical and productive

lines 6-11 ("that...tolls")

lines 17-21 ("that...enough")

lines 24-32 ("if, in...worse")

lines 50-52 ("moving...use")

drivers become more productive employees than they previously were

mass transit gets extended farther into suburban areas than it previously was

mass transit carries fewer passengers and receives less government funding than it previously did

drivers become more willing to live farther from their places of employment than they previously were

upgrades

serves

advocates

develops

3,081

5,316

24,101

26,522

support, because the data show that merely moving drivers out of cars can induce traffic

support, because the data show that reducing road capacity can lead to a net reduction in traffic

weaken, because the data show that in some cases road alterations lead to greater traffic on surrounding roads

weaken, because the data show that traffic reductions due to road alterations tend to be brief

when they travel

their means of travelling

how often they make a journey

their driving style

the rate at which other nerve fibers fired would increase

the test subject would perceive gentle stimuli as painful

the body would compensate by using slow fibers to sense pressure

the ability to perceive vibrations would be impaired

lines 1-3 ("in the...temperature")

lines 3-6 ("sensations...location")

lines 9-11 ("blocking...shock")

lines 26-28 ("in contrast...75 m/s")

present

attentive

movable

restless

occupy

seize

record

influence

stimulation at bodily extremities can be sensed as rapidly as stimulation closer to the brain

the presence of hairs in human skin lessens the speed with which nerves conduct signals

gentle pressure is sensed not only by fast fibers but also by slow fibers

the speed at which a nerve fires is dependent on the strength of pressure applied to the nerve

lines 17-20 ("using...fired")

lines 20-21 ("they...delayed")

lines 22-23 ("the delay...later")

lines 29-30 ("then...fibers")

identify factors that olausson had previously failed to consider

propose a solution to a dilemma encountered by olausson

anticipate a potential criticism of olausson by the reader

show a problem from the perspective of olausson's team

precise nature of sensations that ct fibers can convey

relationship between body hair and ct fiber function

role played by ct fibers in the perception of pain

effect of microneurography on ct fiber signaling

identify those of g.l.'s neurological conditions that might be relieved by the experiment

contextualize the nerve function of g.l. by comparing it with that of other adults

detail procedures that g.l. had experienced during previous experiments

indicate why g.l.'s medial condition was of value to olausson's experiment

number of cortices activated in the brain during gentle brushing

physical dimensions of the somatosensory cortex

intensity of nerve signals required to activate the insular cortex

effect of mri scanning on the basic function of brain cortices

brain cortices are shielded from nerve signals

ct fibers are exposed to a stimulus

nerve fibers that sense pain are suppressed

conscious aspects of sensation are ignored

safeguard against foreign invasion

replication of conditions in europe

divine gift to the american people

source of envy for people in other countries

remind the audience of its civic responsibilities

anticipate the benefits of a proposed policy

emphasize the urgency of a national problem

refute arguments that opponents have advanced

repeated

retracted

rejected

remembered

reaction to the excesses of imperial governments in the modern era

sign that the belief in human equality is widespread

testament to the effects of the foreign policy of the united states

manifestation of an innate drive in humans toward self-rule

lines 40-42 ("if the...henry")

lines 55-56 ("it goes...influence")

lines 60-62 ("he never...master")

lines 63-65 ("those...nation")

evaluate

design

assume

multiply

founding and history of the united states

vibrancy and diversity of american culture

worldwide history of struggles for independence

idealism that permeates many aspects of american society

beveridge presents it as the direct inheritance of european colonization, whereas bryan presents it as a sharp break from earlier governments in europe

beveridge considers it so exemplary as to justify conquest of other regions, whereas bryan warns that its exemplary quality would be undermined by imperial expansion

beveridge argues that it arose organically as the united states matured, whereas bryan argues that it was present from the country's beginnings

beveridge regards it as a model that should be shared with other countries, whereas bryan believes that it is unique to the united states and could not work elsewhere

unrealistic, since most americans would be unwilling to relocate to distant islands

deceptive, since economic domination would be the true goal of the american government

impractical, since the islanders would insist upon an equal distribution of resources

naive, since the islanders would object to being governed by americans

lines 32-36 ("if it...ability")

lines 37-38 ("the filipinos...living")

lines 38-40 ("our...government")

lines 42-45 ("when...men")

begin to develop

absorb necessary nutrients

withstand extreme temperatures

achieve maximum growth

emphasize the provisional nature of the findings discussed in the passage

introduce the specific research topic addressed in the passage

suggest the hypothetical impact of the studies analyzed in the passage

indicate the level of disagreement about the methods explored in the passage

lured

established

convinced

stimulated

lines 25-28 ("more...germination")

lines 29-30 ("although...germination")

lines 34-37 ("although...seeds")

lines 38-41 ("hartmann...ago")

lower than the percentage than hartmann found

higher than the percentage that hartmann had predicted

nearly impossible for hartmann to determine

comparable to hartmann's original projection

lines 44-46 ("hartmann...night")

lines 47-48 ("no crops...weeds")

line 48 ("the results...dramatic")

lines 49-51 ("more...weeds")

theatrical

sudden

impressive

emotional

sample a

sample b

sample c

sample d

sample g

sample h

sample i

sample j

lines 1-2 ("many...weeds")

lines 7-8 ("ecologists...surface")

lines 9-11 ("plant...germinate")

lines 30-34 ("thus...second")