On July 4, 1776, the American colonies declared their independence. The table shows the lunar phases for June 1776.

What lunar phase occurred on July 4, 1776?

A student notices that the moon is full one evening. Which sequence of moon phases will the student observe over the next eight days? 8.7(B)

A phase of the moon is shown.

Which pair of diagrams shows the moon’s phase immediately before and immediately after this phase?

After the waning gibbous moon, which phase of the moon is the next observable phase?

A student shows a model of Earth and the moon to a class.

Which picture shows how the moon appears from Earth when it is in the position shown in this model?

Which diagram correctly shows the positions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon when an observer on Earth sees a waning gibbous?

The model shows Earth in several positions relative to the sun in which position is it summer in North America?

Antarctica experiences six months of complete darkness during the winter. What is the best explanation of this occurrence?

A student reads the following text in a science book.

Scientific evidence tells us that the cause of Earth’s four seasons is the tilt of Earth as it revolves around the sun

The student is instructed to illustrate this information in a notebook. How will the student illustrate winter in the Northern Hemisphere? 8.7(A), 8.2(C)

What season is Sallisaw, Oklahoma, experiencing in Month 3?

In the diagram below, Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is experiencing —

Which diagram models a hypothetical situation in which every location on Earth would have 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness per day?

A student viewed the moon through binoculars one week after a new moon. Which image shows the phase of the moon that the student observed?

A student models moon phases. She holds a foam ball on a stick in front of her body and then stands in front of a light as shown. The student uses herself to represent Earth. She turns her body slowly to represent four different moon phases.

Which numbered diagram represents the student modeling a full moon?

Some students used the records from the U.S. Naval Observatory to make the table below of the percent of the moon that was visible on each night in January 2011.

Based on these data, what part of the lunar cycle occurred between January 5 and January 7?

The moon reflects different amounts of sunlight onto Earth at different times. This reflected sunlight is commonly called moonlight. The graph below shows the intensity of moonlight at different times in a lunar cycle.

Which moon phase most likely occurs at the time in the cycle represented by an X on the graph?

Which of the following is an example of acceleration in an object?

In a controlled experiment, a student measures the speed of a car on a race track. The car traveled 640 km in a 2 hour time period. Based on the information, what was the speed of the car in kilometers per hour?

A student kicks a 454 gram soccer ball. The ball accelerates at 21 m/s² . The ball travels 3.4 seconds. Based on the information, what is the force that is applied to the soccer ball?

Which of the following diagrams best represents a ball that is motionless?

The diagram below shows a box with two forces acting upon it. Based on the diagram, which of the following is most likely true?

A pitcher throws a ball toward a player holding a softball bat. The player uses the bat to hit the ball. The bat applies a 10 newton force to the ball. Which statement correctly describes the reaction force between the bat and the ball?

A pitcher throws a baseball from the mound to a catcher at home plate. The ball travels 18.4 meters (m) in 0.46 seconds (s). Which statement best describes the motion of the baseball?

During a lab investigation, students added four 50g masses to two boxes and arranged the boxes so that they were motionless on a pulley, as shown in the diagram. The students then followed the procedure described in the box. The students recorded their observations after each procedure and reset the pulley system to the original conditions. During which procedures did students observe an unbalanced upward force on Box 1?

The diagram below shows a cart at three different points on a roller coaster. Which conclusion is true?

NASA's space shuttle program was active from 1981 until 2011. The photograph shows rockets carrying a space shuttle off the launchpad. How can Newton's law of action reaction best be applied to explain the movement of a rocket?

(8.5A) Which model best represents an atom of lithium?

(8.5A) The element Potassium (K) has-

(8.5B) Four students were asked to name the parts of an atom that determines the atom's identity and chemical properties. The student's responses are shown in the table below. Which student's responses were correct?

(8.5B) A student drew atomic models of four elements. Based on these drawings, which element is the least reactive?

(8.5D) The table shows the chemical formulas for four substances.

Which substances have the same number of carbon atoms?

Look at the table below. It lists the characteristics of three different groups of elements.

The characteristics of metalloids are best represented by-

Look at the molecule of glucose below. Glucose is created during photosynthesis.

C₆H₁₂O₆

How many atoms of oxygen are in the compound glucose?

Look at the diagram.

Which of the following best describes the structure in the atom marked with a C?

A student correctly concludes that a molecule has 6 atoms. Which of these substances is the student most likely describing?

_(8.5E) A scientist perfomed four investigations using eight different liquids. In each investigation, the scientist combined two of the liquids under a fume hood and recorded observations in the table below.

In which investigation is it least likely that the liquids reacted chemically?

Some students in a chemistry lab conducted an investigation in which they added four different solid substances to separate beakers of water. They stirred the mixtures for one minute and then recorded their observations in the table below.

Which substance most likely caused a new substance to be formed when mixed with water?

(8.5D) The equation represents a chemical reaction that occurs in living cells.

How many atoms are represented in the reactants of this equation?

_(8.5B) The atoms of a certain element each contain 11 protons and 1 valence electron. Which statement correctly identifies this element and describes its chemical reactivity?

_(8.5C) Which two elements on the periodic table are in the same period?

Which element from this portion of the table chemically reacts in a way similar to the way the element chlorine (Cl) reacts?

(8.5C) The model of the periodic table below shows the location of four elements. A student is asked to identify an element that s a pale-yellow brittle solid and does not conduct electricity. At which location in this periodic table would the element most likely be found?

_(8.5D) Strontium phosphate, Sr₃(PO₄)₂ , is a crystalline substance used in medicine and industry. How many phosphorus atoms are represented in the formula for Sr₃(PO₄)_2.

_(8.5C) Which element is classified as a noble gas?

_(8.5A) The atom in the diagram is-

_(8.5D) A chemical formula is provided. How many atoms of hydrogen (H) are found in this substance?

NH₄C₂H₃O₂