To optimize the flow of data into and out of the CPU, the modern MCC provides at least _______________ of data every time the CPU requests information from RAM.

SDRAM made its debut in 1996 on a stick called a(n) _______________.

What type of memory stick do laptops use instead of a DIMM?

What type of computer uses the 68-pin micro-DIMM and 144-pin SO-DIMM?

Which early DIMM form factor applied to laptops?

In early PCs, a DIMM in any one of the DIMM slots could fill the 64-bit bus; therefore, each slot was called a(n) _______________.

On laptops that used the 72-pin SO-DIMM, _______________ sticks of RAM needed to be installed to make a full bank, because each stick only provided half the bus width.

What is another name for a stick of RDRAM?

What size DIMM is used by desktop DDR SDRAMs?

DDR SDRAM for laptops comes in _______________.

What size DIMM is used by laptop DDR SDRAMs?

One of Rambus' best concepts may be the dual-channel architecture—using two sticks of RDRAM together to increase _______________.

What is the clock speed rating for DDR RAM with a DDR-200 speed rating and PC-1600 PC speed rating?

What size DIMM is used by desktop DDR2 SDRAMs?

What size DIMM is used by laptop DDR2 SDRAMs?

What is the core RAM clock speed for RAM with a DDR2 speed rating of DDR2-400 and a PC speed rating of PC2-3200?

What is the core RAM clock speed for RAM with a DDR2 speed rating of DDR2-800 and a PC speed rating of PC2-6400?

How many pins are in a DDR3 DIMM?

How many pins are in a DDR3 SO-DIMM?

DDR3 doubles the buffer of DDR2 from _______________, giving it a huge boost in bandwidth over older RAM.

Some motherboards that support _______________ also support features called triple-channel architecture or quad-channel architecture, which work much like dual-channel, but with three or four sticks of RAM instead of two.

Which are DDR3 I/O speeds related to clock speeds?

How are DDR2 I/O speeds related to clock speeds?

At what voltage does DDR3L run?

At what voltage does DDR3U run?

What is the theoretical maximum DDR4 DIMM capacity that manufacturers can create?

What size DIMM is used by desktop DDR4 SDRAMs?

What size DIMM is used by laptop DDR4 SDRAMs?

RAM with a lower latency—such as CL17—is _______________ than RAM with a higher latency—such as CL19.

Which term refers to typical consumer RAM?

Computers use a portion of the hard drive as an extension of system _______________ through what is called virtual memory.

Virtual memory is a portion of an HDD or SSD set aside as a page file or _______________ file.

The default and recommended page-file size in Windows is _______________ times the amount of installed RAM on your computer.

What is the name of the Windows page file?

What does excessive disk thrashing suggest?

What is Microsoft's minimum system RAM requirement for 32-bit versions of Windows?

What is Microsoft's minimum system RAM requirement for 64-bit versions of Windows?

What is the minimum system RAM requirement for the latest versions of macOS?

Where does Windows display the amount of RAM currently installed in a PC?

Windows offers a feature called _______________ that enables you to use flash media devices—removable USB thumb drives or memory cards—as super-fast, dedicated virtual memory.

Which of these issues can cause intermittent memory errors?

A general protection fault (GPF) _______________.

Your motherboard should detect and automatically set up any DIMM you install, assuming you have the right RAM for the system, using a technology called _______________.

Which term describes a milder error that can be caused by memory issues but not necessarily system RAM problems?

How does a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) manifest itself?

How should a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) be handled?

Which component handles the interconnection between most devices and the CPU?

The _______________ extends the data bus to every device on the PC.

Every time you press a key on your keyboard, a scanning chip sends a coded pattern of ones and zeros called the _______________ to the keyboard controller.

The keyboard controller has its own _______________.

Every PC ships with a program built into the system ROM called the _______________ that enables you to access and modify CMOS data.

When you press a key on the keyboard, what does the scanning chip in the keyboard send to the keyboard controller?

Which component is a read-only device?

Which chip contains the system BIOS and can hold data permanently, even without electricity?

The _______________ acts as a secure cryptoprocessor, a hardware platform for the acceleration of cryptographic functions and the secure storage of associated information.

What are programs stored on ROM chips called?

Which chip acts as a clock to keep the current date and the time?

Which chip stores information that describes specific device parameters?

What did Intel create to go beyond the limits of the traditional 16-bit BIOS?

Which features/restrictions does UEFI support?

One of the most common uses of TPMs is _______________

The _______________ program checks out the system every time the computer boots.

A(n) _______________ locks or unlocks access to the system setup utility.

From where can the boot sequence be specified?

Many CMOS setup menus allow changes to the CPU and RAM, which supports _______________.

What advanced BIOS feature offers support for multiple software-based machines?

What is the term for firmware-based security features that can track the PC's location if it is stolen?

Where does a video card store its BIOS?

Where are device drivers stored?

What does an option ROM contain?

What tool is used to change or remove device drivers manually in Windows?

Where does Windows store all of a system's information, including that of device drivers?

What is POST?

The computer is beeping constantly after you have booted it. What is the likely cause of the problem?

What happens when a POST error occurs before a video is available?

Where is POST located?

Most modern systems have only two beep codes to indicate something is wrong. What are they?

What tech tool snaps into expansion slots and provides LED readout of the device POST is currently testing?

After a computer is turned on and power supply circuitry tests are completed, which electrical component "wakes up" first?

Several lines at the end of POST are used to find the operating system. What is this code called?

What BIOS feature allows a PC to boot without any local storage by retrieving an OS from a server over a network?

How can you easily clear CMOS settings and change them back to factory defaults?

While replacing the coin battery on the motherboard, how are CMOS settings retained?

Updating the BIOS is also known as _______________.

The process of inserting a removable disk of some sort (usually a USB thumb drive) containing an updated BIOS file is called _______________.