Social function of what is said or the intention of the speaker.

Covers how

procedural formality or

informality affects the

development of topic in

conversations.

A speaker carries

out nomination to collaboratively

and productively establish a topic.

It refers to the

conversation participants’ close-

initiating expressions that end a

topic in a conversation.

It pertains to the

process by which people decide

who takes the conversational floor.

Involves moving from one

topic to another.

It refers to how speakers

address the problems in speaking,

listening, and comprehending that

they may encounter in a

conversation.

Aims to change the audience’s

perception and convince them that

your argument is more important

or practical

Aims to bring joy, relaxation,

and amusement to the audience

Provides the audience with a

clear understanding of a concept

or idea

Age ratio

It entails

looking at the profile of the target

audience.

It is the stage where you collect

ideas, information, sources, and

references relevant or related to

your topic

presents an identified problem, its causes, and

recommended solutions.

presents the

idea in time order.

presents related categories supporting the

topic.

presents similarities & differences of two

or three points.

presents descriptions of your life or of a person,

whether famous or not

presents cause-and effect

relationships.

It is a hierarchical list that shows the

relationship of ideas.

Foundation of the speech

provides explanations, examples,

or any details to deliver your purpose and

explain the main idea.

Restates the main idea of the speech

The structures that help organize

ideas related to your topic.

It is not chronological or linear;

it is recursive.