The withdrawal of troops from the South caused an increase in racism and discrimination towards African Americans

The Compromise of 1877 gave full political, social, and economic rights to African Americans

The Compromise of 1877 established separate communities for African Americans with equal facilities

The disenfranchisement methods after 1877 gave political advantages to African Americans

Violence, fraud, poll taxes, literacy tests

Assimilation, boarding schools, conversion to Christianity

Disenfranchisement methods including taking away businesses from African American business owners.

African Americans were not allowed to patronize franchise businesses.

Pap Singleton and the Exodusters were a Christian quartet whose songs gave slaves directions to escape the South

They were a group of former slaves who led a rebellion in Virginia which led to the deaths of 55 white people

Pap Singleton and the Exodusters were former slaves (about 40,000) who left the South during Reconstruction and moved west

A secret group of former slaves who fought a guerrilla war against the KKK in the Reconstruction-era South

Vanderbilt- railroad, Rockefeller-oil, Carnegie-steel, Morgan-banking

Vanderpump- banking, Morganhauser- kerosene, Carnervrolet- automobiles, Stevenson- steamboats/transportation

Washington- farming, Van Buren- railroads, Charleston- transportation/oil, Bornegie- telegraph

Tweed- construction, Garfield- spoils, Guiteau- firearms

Ahere were few noticeable changes because of new technologies

Americans stayed away from new technologies for fear it would change their lifestyles

Americans invested heavily in the wrong industries and a great depression happened from 1877-1895

Daily life was improved—Americans began to spend more money and consume more goods

Boston, New York City, Chicago, Pittsburgh, San Francisco

Nashville, Jackson, Montgomery, Atlanta, Charleston

Dallas, Houston, Oklahoma City, El Paso, Albuquerque

Seattle, Portland, Boise, Des Moines, Chicago

Immigrants were expected to attend classes at local churches and perform community service in big cities

Immigrants were expected to “Americanize”—learn English and lose old customs

Societal pressures included having a job that required only 25 hours/week, to have time to learn English

Societal expectations included wearing “American” clothes, such as Levi’s jeans after the California Gold Rush

Ethnic clusters are neighborhoods with people of the same cultural background—Chinatown and Little Italy are examples

Ethnic clusters are streets in big cities that have many different types of restaurants

Ethnic clusters are areas with one type of church that dominates the area (such as Baptist or Presbyterian)

They are neighborhoods with people of many different types of cultures, like a melting pot.

Addams assassinated President Garfield, and Riis assisted in the killing

Addams was a man who took pictures of poor country people, and Riis documented it through journalism

Addams was a Chicago woman who helped poor immigrants; Riis was a photographer who exposed the hardship of the urban poor.

They were poor people who became some of America’s richest business leaders

American history had a “silver lining” during the era, despite its many problems

The “Gilded Age” is ironic because America made tons of money off copper, not gold

America looked golden from the outside (economic success), but had major political, social, and moral problems on the inside.

Mark Twain created the name, but he didn’t even live during the time period.

Money played a heavy role in politics, and many politicians accumulated wealth through dishonest ways. Boss Tweed was a master of fraud, intimidation, and theft, who used the spoils system to keep his friends in power.

Money was used to allow poor people to move up in society, and rich people said it was corrupt.

Taxpayers gave their money to political machines to attend parties with winners of the spoils system.

Boss Tweed created the political machine to give money to the poor, and he is a great example for philanthropists.

Regardless of who wins, the political jobs are divided evenly among both parties.

The spoils system gives tax breaks to members of the winning party (general population).

The spoils system is a way for the losing party to participate in leading government jobs, as a consolation prize.

The winner gives jobs/assistance/favors to his friends and loyal supporters.

achieve Northern victory in the Civil War

develop the Midwest and western parts of the country

improve the lives of freed slaves

expand overseas markets to Asia and Europe

The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time.

Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns.

The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available

Segregation is undesirable in a democratic society.

Implementation of this ruling would take many years.

Decisions on segregation are best decided by state governments

Religious differences are more of a concern than racial differences.

Hayes promised to end Reconstruction if he received the electoral support of the southern states.

Tilden obtained the electoral support of the northern states after agreeing to end segregation.

Hayes obtained the electoral support of the northern states after promoting immigration reform.

Tilden opposed Jim Crow Laws, which gained him the electoral support of the southern states

Voters had to live in an urban area before being allowed to vote.

Prospective voters were required to pass a literacy test in order to vote.

Voters were required to join the armed forces in order to vote.

Prospective voters had to become citizens before being allowed to vote.

It curbed the power of railroads through regulations

It mandated government mediation in railroads strikes

It required government approval for railroad expansion

It destroyed the power of railroads through nationalization

Immigrants were prevented from voting in local elections.

Federal legislation extended suffrage to minorities.

Industrial leaders refused to fund political campaigns.

Political machines manipulated elections to maintain power.

The creation of the refrigerated railroad car allowed food to be shipped long distances.

The invention of the incandescent light bulb made electrical lighting possible.

The improvement of a process for making steel enabled the construction of skyscrapers

The invention of the telephone enabled people to talk over long distances

the development of new and improved production techniques.

the acquisition of new raw materials from the western territories.

the creation of new scientific theories of production.

the lack of government regulation of big businesses

The development of industries and industrial manufacturing cities throughout the region.

The large amount of agricultural products available in the North.

Easy accessibility to railroads for transportation of goods and people

The increased number of immigrant laborers available to industries

Fewer restrictions on immigrants

Fewer demands by political machines

Greater opportunities for employment

Greater opportunities for property ownership

Immigrants settled in rural areas to establish farms.

Immigrants were attracted to areas with factory jobs.

Immigrants settled in areas with warmer climate conditions.

Immigrants were attracted to areas with little ethnic diversity.

It resulted in increased use of natural resources.

It provided a larger labor force and consumer market

It increased jobs in the fields of marketing and advertisement.

It encouraged a variety of cultural influences in economic innovation

Lack of food

Religious persecution

Poor economic conditions

Potential employment

Many Americans believed that the Chinese were spies who were trying to overtake our country.

Because of the rapid technological advancements during the late 19^th century, many Americans felt that immigrants were not intelligent enough to prosper as citizens.

As immigrant populations came to the US seeking work, many Americans felt threatened because they feared they would lose their jobs to workers willing to labor for smaller wages.

Immigrants of Chinese descent were seen as naturally inferior to Caucasian Americans