In 1851, French physicist Léon Foucault used a swinging pendulum to demonstrate that Earth

What is the relative humidity when the dry- bulb temperature is 16°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 10°C?

Boarding up windows would be one emergency action most likely taken to prepare for which natural disaster?

Which diagram best represents the general position and direction of flow of the polar front jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter months?

The diagram represents four positions of the Moon, labeled A through D, as it orbits Earth.

Which diagram best represents the sequence of Moon phases, as seen by an observer in New York State, when the Moon travels from position A to position D in its orbit around Earth?

The diagrams shown represent spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory and the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in the light from a distant star.

Compared to the spectral lines observed in the laboratory, the spectral lines observed in the light from the distant star have shifted toward the

The diagram to the left represents a cross-sectional view of the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. A line drawn perpendicular to the plane of Earth’s orbit is shown on the diagram.

How many degrees is Earth’s rotational axis tilted with respect to the perpendicular line shown in the diagram?

The larger white dots in the diagrams to the left represent stars in the constellations Scorpius and Orion. Information indicating when these constellations are visible from New York State is provided below the diagrams.

Which statement best explains why these two constellations are visible in the night sky in the months identified?

Which table correctly shows the interior temperature, melting point, and state (phase) of matter of the materials located 4000 kilometers below Earth’s surface?

Which gas is a greenhouse gas that has increased 18 in Earth’s atmosphere partly as a result of deforestation over the last 100 years?

Which ocean current brings warm water to the southeastern tip of Africa?

Which pie graph is shaded to best represent the approximate percentage of time that humans have existed during Earth’s entire history?

Volcanic ash can be used as a time marker to correlate rock layers because the ash

The cross section shown represents a mountain range. Points A and B represent locations on Earth’s surface.

Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B is most likely

The photograph to the left shows conglomerate composed of pebbles cemented together with calcite.

Compared to the ages of the calcite cement and the conglomerate, the relative age of the pebbles is

The cross section shown represents some parts of Earth’s water cycle. Letters A, B, C, and D represent processes that occur during the cycle.

Which table correctly matches each letter with the process it represents?

Which table best shows the relationship between latitude and general climate conditions on Earth?

The photograph shows different-sized rounded sediment.

Which table shows the most likely process and agent of erosion responsible for this rounded sediment?

The photograph to the left shows an outcrop with two basaltic intrusions, labeled A and B, in a rock unit, labeled C.

What is the relative age of these three rock units from oldest to youngest?

The world map shows Earth’s major tectonic plate boundaries. Letters A through D represent four

surface locations.

Which location is on a major rift valley?

The first P-wave of an earthquake took 11 minutes 30 to travel to a seismic station from the epicenter of the earthquake. What is the seismic station’s distance to the epicenter of the earthquake and how long did it take for the first S-wave to travel that distance?

The Catskills are commonly called mountains, but are actually part of the Allegheny Plateau. The Catskills are classified as a plateau because of their

The minimum stream velocity necessary to transport a sediment particle that is 0.1 centimeter in diameter is closest to

Which rock is classified as an evaporite?

Which pair of elements makes up most of Earth’s crust by volume?

The cross section shown represents zones of soil labeled A, B, and C. Letter D represents underlying bedrock.

Which letter identifies the zone having the most organic and weathered material?

Which type of surface bedrock is most commonly found in the Utica, New York area?

The diagram shown represents a geologic landscape.

Which type of stream drainage pattern formed on this landscape?

The north polar view maps show the average area covered by Arctic Sea ice in September of 1980, 2000, and 2011.

The maps best support the inference that Earth’s climate is

The photographs here shows two depositional features labeled A and B.

Which terms correctly identify depositional features A and B?

Diagrams A and B represent magnified views of the arrangement of mineral crystals in a rock before and after being subjected to geologic processes.

Which geologic processes are most likely responsible for the banding and alignment of mineral crystals represented in diagram B?