An European CBD that mixes low-rise historic buildings with new skyscrapers

A Latin American CBD that mixes traditional markets with modern high-rises

An European suburban CBD with high-rise residential buildings and high-population

An African colonial CBD with broad avenues, large homes, and administrative centers

A North American CBD near the city's center, offering commercial space, parking, and transportation.

Urban areas pass laws to define how property in specific areas can be used in order to separate commercial and residential spaces

A city is made up of a series of rings that surrounds the central business district each having a different function

Different portions of an urban area have specific and separate purposes, which fit together to create the entirety of the city

In cities around the world, residential areas are based on ethnicity, and cities are thus divided into ethnic enclaves

An urban area's inner city has its highest population density, and population density declines in areas farther from the city.

galactic city

concentric zone

multiple-nuclei

sector

Griffen-Ford

the need for safety

the high crime rate

the value of privacy

the power of the government

the lack of development

Colonial central business districts emerged separately from the traditional commercial centers.

Africans were traditionally not allowed to use the central business districts used by Europeans

African governments promoted multiple central business districts through urban planning

One central business district is not enough to serve Africa's fast-growing urban population

Locations of Africa's business districts were poorly chosen, requiring multiple downtowns

the disamenity zone

the periférico

the favelas

the commercial spine

the zone in transition

competition for valuable commercial space is not as keen in European cities as it is in the United States

European culture prefers lower buildings and has negative attitudes toward commercialism and skyscrapers

The centers of European cities contain many historically significant buildings that leaders choose to preserve

The EU regulates the height of buildings and has forbidden tall buildings because of safety concerns

European cities tend to have stronger mass transit systems, so people do not need to be as concentrated in CBDs.

Functional Zonation

Filtering

Zoning

Urban Planning

Density Gradients

Threshold and range

Resource inputs and markets

Core and periphery

Activity centers

Plats

Site plans

Zoning ordinances

Land contracts