applied research

clinical research

non-human model

biomedical research

in vitro studies

human clinical trials

epidemiological studies

chemical models

Applied

Clinical

Non-human

Biomedical

Applied

Clinical

Non-human

Biomedical

in vitro studies.

human clinical trials.

epidemiological studies.

chemical models.

in vitro studies.

human clinical trials.

epidemiological studies.

chemical models.

Applied

Clinical

Non-human

Biomedical

Basic research.

Applied research.

Clinical research.

Government research.

General

Basic

Applied

Clinical

In vitro studies are more expensive and take more time than whole animal systems.

In vitro cultures cannot tell us how a substance affects a complex animal system.

It is impossible to control the temperature with in vitro studies

In vitro studies often fail because they are susceptible to toxins.