the CBD is also known as "downtown"

the CBD is very compact, but contains a large percentage of services

the CBD is the focal point of the transportation network of a city

the CBD is typically one of the newer districts within a city

people in business services depend on proximity to professional colleagues

many professionals cluster in CBDs to allow for face-to-face contact with other professionals

services such as temporary secretarial agencies and instant printers locate in CBDs to be near lawyers

since CBDs are centrally located it helps businesses that employ workers from a variety of neighborhoods

most professionals who work and live in CBDs

large department stores with high thresholds

jewelry stores with high ranges

high-end clothing stores with high ranges

office supplies, shoe repair, and dry cleaning services

Consumer services = department stores, teachers

Business services = banking, real estate

Public services = local, state, and federal employees

Consumer services = lawyers, engineers

Business services = trucking, warehousing

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

the distance from one node to another node

the amount of consumers within a market area

the circumference of a hinterland

Gas station = low threshold

High-end department store = low threshold

Hospital = high threshold

Fast food restaurant = low threshold

Professional sports arena = high threshold

a central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by the people attracted from the surrounding area

businesses in central places compete with each other, which creates an irregular pattern of settlements

because most people prefer to get services from the nearest location, consumers near the center of the circle obtain services from local establishments

the closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes

a market area (or hinterland) is a good example of a nodal region

Cities

Towns

Villages

Hamlets

a country's nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

the second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest

the fourth-largest city is one-fourth the size of the largest

the largest settlement in a country has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

the tenth-largest city is one-tenth the size of the largest

more than ten times as many people as the second-ranking settlement

less than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

quadruple the amount of people as the second-ranking settlement

more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

it predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area

it predicts that the optimal location of a service is inversely (opposite) related to the distance people must travel to access it

the farther people are from a service, the less likely they are to use it

it holds that there are greater flows to smaller cities and greater flows between distant cities

places that are larger and closer together will have greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other

they are at the center of the flow of information and capital

financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies cluster in global cities

headquarters of large corporations are located in close proximity to the factories the companies own

professional services such as lawyers and marketing firms cluster in global cities

farming, mining and herding

retail and customer services

finance, legal services and computer services

scientific research, high level management

farming, mining and ranching

retail and customer service

finance, legal services and computer services

scientific research, higher education and high level managament

It is the only location with the educated workforce necessary to thrive

it is only 25 miles from Wal-marts home in Bentonville, Arkansas

It has an abundance of "European" style mansions

It has access to key markets for the sale of its products

often can operate almost anywhere as long as them have access to telecommunications

is tied directly to manufacturing of materials and must be near to industrial sites

must stay within the United States to be near customers

is usually in warm weather locations

they have a workforce with many English-speakers and high levels of college attainment

they offer the lowest cost of living anywhere in the world

India and the United States have a special trade relationship

The Philippines is a former US colony and therefore the United States government owes the Philippines

the region in the US stretching from the southeast to the southwest that has experienced growth over the last few decades

the area of the Southern Hemisphere where investment is highest

the region in the Caribbean where call centers have relocated

the Northern Plains region which has had a surge in economic activity due to the expansion of natural gas investment

near large colleges and airports

in regions which have little development

in coastal regions

outside of the core regions

Sector

Concentric Zone

Islamic

Peripheral

census tract

city

CBD

suburb

consumer

business

public

services and tax revenues

filtering and redlining

rich and poor neihborhoods

urbanization and suburbanization

grocery store

pharmacy

professional baseball game

chiropractor

fast food restaurant

maximum number of people within a hinterland

minimum number of people needed to support a service

range from one market area to another

time distance from center of a market area to the periphery

people generally go to the nearest place when consuming goods and/or services

people generally travel great distances only if the price of a good/service is much lower or unavailable locally

developed countries have numerous small settlements with small thresholds and ranges

larger settlements provide consumer services that have larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas

a large store (Ex: Walmart) are often located in smaller settlements due to their smaller thresholds

United States

Germany

Argentina

Japan

Italy

Mexico City is a good example of a primate city because it is five times larger than its second-largest settlement

The existence of rank-size distribution of settlements can impact the quality of life within a country

Countries with primate cities tend to have an even distribution of goods and services throughout the country

Residents of countries that follow rank-size distribution have greater access to important services

they are found in areas with a substantial amount of low-income residents

they are created when supermarkets avoid locating in low-income neighborhoods

they create hardships for low-income residents who do not own cars

they are low-income regions where the nearest grocery stores are hundreds of miles away

New York, United States

London, United Kingdom

Tokyo, Japan

Beijing, China

Sacramento, United States

number of headquarters for international corporations

presence of influential media organizations

site of a major international airport

large presence of primary and secondary markets

presence of well-known professional sports facilities

they have consumer services with extensive market areas

there is a market for luxury goods due to the large number of wealthy people in global cities

most are national capitals, containing mansions or palaces for the political leaders of the country

most global cities are common locations for plays, concerts, operas, and professional sporting events

they require low thresholds and low ranges compared to other types of settlements

New York is the largest global city in the U.S. despite not being the national capital

The United Nations is located in the global city of Washington, D.C.

Brussels, Belgium is a global city because it is the most important center for European Union activities

Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles are all large global cities located in the United States

Developed countries have a higher percentage of urban residents

Developing countries have more of the very large urban settlements

London and New York are currently competing to be the world's largest urban settlements

The majority of the most highly populated cities are located in developing countries

Nearly all of the fastest-growing urban settlements are in developing countries

in developing countries, migration from the countryside is fueling half of the increase in population

in many developing countries, high rates of natural increase is a significant cause of urban growth

urbanization was once associated with economic development

the spread of the Industrialization led to a decrease in the size of cities in Europe and North America

A MSA includes an urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000

A MSA includes adjacent counties with high population densities

A MSA includes a large percentage of residents from adjacent counties working in the central city's county

A MSA usually includes a primate city within the urbanized area

struggle to find affordable land on the peripheries of the cities to construct such large facilities

hope to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels

are aware that these facilities/services have smaller than average ranges

are more concerned about business and leisure services than any other types of tertiary sector services

expanded their downtown locations

closed their locations within CBDs and relocated to suburban malls

gone completely out of business due to the rise in online shopping

relocated their stores to smaller, rural settlements

outsourced their services to markets in semi-periphery countries

land values are very high in CBDs due to the limited amount of land available

modern factories are commonly located near harbors in CBDs

fewer people live in modern CBDs due to the expansion of suburbs and high rents

in the twenty-first century, the population of many U.S. CBDs has increased

demand for space in CBDs have made skyscrapers economically feasible

North America

Latin America

Western Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Southeast Asia

it combines sectors and concentric zones to help explain urban settlements in some developing countries

like some North American models, the CBD is the primary focal point of the model

the CBD is divided into a traditional market sector and a more modern high-rise sector

low-income, squatter settlements surround the CBD

the spine is a commercial zone that extends from the CBD, in which wealthier residential housing is located

decrease the farther from the center of the city

are highest in the zone of situ accretion

are spread out somewhat evenly around various nodes around the urban area

are lowest near the CBD

Heavy industry

Zones of gentrification

Traditional market area

Shantytowns/Squatter Settlements

Europeans who colonized the continent in previous centuries

Farmers from tropical regions of Africa

Chiefs from warring tribes in Sub-Saharan Africa

Multinational corporations headquartered in LDCs outside of Africa

to combine smaller peripheral settlements to larger urbanized areas

to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland

to clear land for the expansion of larger suburban communities

to limit the growth of greenbelts

Suburban communities have grown consistently since the 1950s

Families with children typically avoid suburban communities

There are increased levels of crime and traffic in most suburban communities

As suburbs have expanded, they've become closer in proximity to CBDs in cities

more money is spent extending roads and utilities to connect developments not contiguous to existing areas

more agricultural land is lost through construction of isolated housing developments

more energy is expended because trips to work and services must cover longer distances

more white people have moved to the inner cities

the United States

the United Kingdom

sub-Saharan Africa

Southeast Asia

they have expanded in the suburbs because most of their customers live there

in the past, urban residents purchased food and necessities at small neighborhood shops

sales for consumer services have expanded in downtown regions of cities since World War II

suburban retailing is concentrated in shopping malls of varying sizes

larger malls contain department stores and specialty shops once located only in the CBD

Offices that do not require face-to-face contact are increasingly moving to suburbs

factories and warehouses are increasingly locating in suburbs for more space, cheaper land, and better truck access

Rent is often more expensive in suburbs when compared to CBDs

Many executives prefer working in suburbs due to easier access to their offices and free parking

it is a process by which banks refuse to lend money to certain regions within a city

it prevents families from fixing up their inner-city homes

it leads to decreased property values in neighborhoods where it is practiced

it has led to the abandonment of many inner-city homes

it is endorsed by many local governments as a way to revitalize neighborhoods via gentrification

the process of drawing red lines on a map to prevent the processing of bank loans

the shift of manufacturing from the inner cities to edge cities

the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a low-income area to a middle-class area

when banks pressure white residents to leave leave their inner city homes due to an influx in immigration

neighborhoods are transformed from renter-occupied to owner-occupied

it is a common practice with single people and couples without children

gentrified neighborhoods often have houses that possess attractive architectural features

it is commonly viewed as a way to solve issues related to traffic congestion

such neighborhoods are often located near theaters, bars, and other recreational facilities

Export zones

Entrports

Green belts

Edge cities

Export zones

Entrports

Green belts

Edge cities

Christaller's model of central place

Core-periphery

Von Thunen's model

Rostow's model

9 million

6 million

8 million

5 million

Conurbation

agglomeration

primate city

edge city

Conurbation

agglomeration

primate city

edge city

Conurbation

agglomeration

primate city

edge city

along the ege

along either side of the main entrance and exits to the city

in the western industrial area

in the middle

Extensive ag

commuter zone

zone of transition

zone of better residence

range

meadian

threshold

minimum

in the center

in the industrial zone

in the commercial zone

on the outskirts of the urban settlements

LDC's cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten

MDC's cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten

there has been no change

.there are no LDC cities in the top ten

Services will be clustered in the primate city

services will not be evenly distributed

smaller cities won't be able to compete with larger ones

All of the above

Core = Central Business District (CBD)

Zone in transition (first ring from CBD) = wealthiest region of the city where high-rise luxury condos are constructed

Zone of working class homes (second ring from CBD) = older homes occupied by stable, working-class families

Zone of better residences (third ring from CBD) = newer housing occupied by middle-class families

Commuters' zone (outermost ring from CBD) = small communities that commute to work in the CBD

as a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge from the center

once a district with high-income housing is established, new housing is built on the outer edge of that district

the best housing is found in a corridor extending from downtown to the outer edge of the city

multiple sectors of high-income housing branch off from the industrial regions of a city

multiple sectors of high-income housing

concentric rings formed around multiple nodes

several "centers" or nodes within a city in which various activities revolve around

multiple central business districts throughout the city

Concentric Zone Model

Von Thunen Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Sector Model

Core-Periphery Model

Concentric Zone Model

Von Thunen Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Sector Model

Core-Periphery Model

the models are too simplistic to accurately explain why people live where they do within urban areas

the models fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations

the models aren't relevant due to the fact that they are based on conditions that existed between the two world wars

the models are useless in helping geographers describe where different types of people live in a city

Homer Hoyt' Sector Model

E.W. Burgess Concentric Zones Model

C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Von Thunen Rural Land Use Model

Homer Hoyt' Sector Model

E.W. Burgess Concentric Zones Model

C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Von Thunen Rural Land Use Model

Homer Hoyt' Sector Model

E.W. Burgess Concentric Zones Model

C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Von Thunen Rural Land Use Model

#1 = Central Business District

#2 = Transportation and industry

#3 = High-class residential

#4 = Middle-class residential

#5 = High-class residential

#1 = Central business district

#7 = Outlying business district

#4 = Medium-class residential

#3 = Low-class residential

#8 = Heavy manufacturing

#1 = Central business district

#2 = Zone of transition (wealthiest homes)

#3 = Zone of independent workers' homes (working class homes)

#4 = Zone of better residences

#5 = Commuter's zone

North America

Latin America

Western Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Southeast Asia

it combines sectors and concentric zones to help explain urban settlements in some developing countries

like some North American models, the CBD is the primary focal point of the model

the CBD is divided into a traditional market sector and a more modern high-rise sector

low-income, squatter settlements surround the CBD

the spine is a commercial zone that extends from the CBD, in which wealthier residential housing is located

decrease the farther from the center of the city

are highest in the zone of situ accretion

are spread out somewhat evenly around various nodes around the urban area

are lowest near the CBD

it is surrounded by low-income housing

it serves as a secondary CBD

it is surrounded by housing similar to suburban communities found in the North American models

it serves as a residential zone for newly arrived immigrants

they commonly have multiple CBDs

some African cities have CBDs that resemble CBDs in developed countries

vertical development commonly occurs in the European CBD of the African city

most African cities have been completely isolated from globalization

factory towns

shantytowns

metropolitan settlements

mining towns

tertiary sector zones

have CBDs that are directly connected to transportation networks to areas outside the city

have rapidly growing shantytowns due to large amounts of in-migration

have a quickly-expanding urban farming sector in the CBD

have large suburban edge cities growing on the outskirts of the cities

the old colonial port zone

a highly centralized CBD

high-income suburban communities

squatter settlements

there's no formal central business district

multiple elements of a CBD are clustered around the old colonial port

the western commercial zone essentially serves as a CBD

there are sectors of immigrant CBDs, known as "alien zones", dominated by Chinese merchants

the market gardening zone serves as an agricultural CBD

to combine smaller peripheral settlements to larger urbanized areas

to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland

to clear land for the expansion of larger suburban communities

to limit the growth of greenbelts

it is the development of suburbs at relatively low desities

it is the development of suburbs that are not contiguous to the existing built up area

it is caused when private housing developers seek cheap land that can be easily prepared for construction

it has led to suburban communities that are more densely populated than many CBDs

they are laws that prevent high density residential developments in a community

they are commonly used to identify districts for single-family homes, apartments, industry, or commerce

they make it easier for low-income families to find affordable housing

they often require fences to be built around suburban housing districts

inner-city residents struggle to find jobs because they often lack the necessary skills

inner-city residents lack access to many low-skilled jobs that have relocated to suburbs

most inner-city children live in homes with two parents

drug use is more common within inner-cities compared to suburban communities

food deserts are commonly found in inner cities

it is government owned housing rented to low-income individuals

many high-rise public housing projects were demolished due to problems with drug use and increased crime rates

some argued that concentrating low-income families in public housing projects led to their failure

most of the public housing projects constructed in the 1950s have been gentrified

Private investment and reconstruction in existing residential areas

Corporate investment in land development

Corporate investment and reconstruction in existing residential areas

Private investment in land development