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- 1. Multiple ChoiceA signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is aligandsecond messengerprotein kinasereceptor protein
- 2. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a G protein?specific type of membrane-receptor proteinprotein on the cytoplasmic side of a membranemembrane-bound enzymerelay protein
- 3. Multiple ChoiceWhat do second messengers do?transport a signal through the lipid bilayerrelay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cellrelay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasmdampen the message
- 4. Multiple ChoiceSignal amplification is most often achieved byan enzyme cascadebinding of multiple signalsbranching pathwaysaction of adenylyl cyclase
- 5. Multiple ChoiceWhat does a protein kinase do?removes phosphatestransfers phosphates from ATP to proteinsactivates an enzyme
- 6. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?hormonelocal regulatorendocrine cell
- 7. Multiple Choice
Which molecule typically serves as a communicator for cells?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acds
- 8. Multiple Choice
Most hormones are proteins. Which other molecule type can serve as hormone?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
- 9. Multiple Choice
This hormone acts to raise blood glucose levels.
insulin
melatonin
glucagon
somatostatin
- 10. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of receptor would testosterone have?IntracellularMembrane
- 11. Multiple Choice1. Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:
I. Response
II. Amplification
III. Reception
IV. Transduction
Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?I, II, III, IVIII, I, IV, IIII, IV, I, IIIIII, IV, II, I - 12. Multiple ChoiceWhen epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cellsEpinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cellsThe two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responsesCardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine
- 13. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?cAMPG Proteinprotein kinaseprotein phosphatase
- 14. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?cAMPG Proteinprotein kinaseprotein phosphatase
- 15. Multiple ChoiceThe three stages of cell signalling areparacrine, local, and synapticreception, transduction, and responsetranscription, translation, and foldingalpha, beta, and gamma
- 16. Multiple Choice
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?G-protein receptortyrosine kinase receptorgated ion channel - 17. Multiple ChoiceWhat is the name of the pathway that occurs when a signal is received and then converted into a cellular response?signal transductionbiochemicalcatabolicanabolic
- 18. Multiple ChoiceWhat is the name of the molecule used in signal transduction pathways that readily diffuse and broadcast signals quickly?secondary messengersligandkinasesphosphatases
- 19. Multiple ChoiceCell signaling that reaches the nucleus is likely toregulate gene expression (turning genes on or off)surpress metabolism
- 20. Multiple ChoiceProtein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.phosphateATP moleculecAMPGTP
- 21. Multiple ChoiceKinases are de-activated whenphosphate is removed by a phosphataseGTP attaches to themligand is released from the receptorapoptosis occurs
- 22. Multiple ChoiceOsmosis is the movement of _____ across a membrane.foodenergyoxygenwater
- 23. Multiple ChoiceThis picture represents what type of cell transport?endocytosisexocytosisosmosispassive transport
- 24. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transport is this?facilitated diffusionactive transportdiffusionosmosis
- 25. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is a type of long-distance signaling?Endocrine signalingParacrine signalingSynaptic signaling
- 26. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following types of signaling involves the secretion of hormones by cells?paracrine signalingendocrine signalingsynaptic signaling
- 27. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following involves signaling in the nervous system where electrical signals along nerve cells trigger the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules?endocrine signalingparacrine signalingsynaptic signaling
- 28. Multiple ChoiceA signaling molecule that specifically binds to another molecule is known as a(n)enzymeligandreceptorchannel protein
- 29. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following would be the fate of animal cells that lack receptors for local paracrine signaling molecules?They would be unable to respond to hormone signals in the bloodstreamThey would be unable to grow and divide in response to signals from nearby cellsThey would bind to locally secreted growth factors & intracellular pathways would be blockedThey would grow and divide normally
- 30. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?tyrosine kinase receptorG-protein receptorgated ion channel
- 31. Multiple ChoiceWhat is the name of the signaling molecule that triggers a transduction pathway?ligandGTPkinasephosphatase
- 32. Multiple ChoiceThe death signal inactivates ced-9 and triggers programmed cell death. What is this called?apoptosisgated ligand channelcell communicationG-protein reception
- 33. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?gated ion channelG-protein receptortyrosine kinase receptor
- 34. Multiple ChoiceEpinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below.
Which of the following molecules act as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrine stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?AdenosineAdenylyl cyclaseCitric acidCyclic AMP - 35. Multiple ChoiceThe term steroid describes both hormones produced by the body and artificially produced medications that duplicate the action for the naturally occurring steroids. All of the following describe steroid hormones EXCEPT:A. They bind with receptor proteins in the plasma membrane to trigger cellular responses.A. They are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble.They serve as ligands in signal transduction pathwaysA. They are exemplified by testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
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