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- 1. Multiple Choicethe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environmentsensationperceptionbottom-up processingtop-down processing
- 2. Multiple Choicethe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.sensationperceptionbottom-up processingtop-down processing
- 3. Multiple Choiceanalysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.sensationperceptionbottom-up processingselective attention
- 4. Multiple Choiceinformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptons drawing on our experience and expectationssensationperceptionbottom-up processingtop-down processing
- 5. Multiple Choicethe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulussensationperceptionbottom-up processingselective attention
- 6. Multiple Choicefailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.inattentional blindnesschange blindness
- 7. Multiple Choicefailing to notice changes in the environment (magicians exploit this)inattentional blindnesschange blindness
- 8. Multiple Choicethe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.Weber's lawpsychophysics
- 9. Multiple Choicethe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.absolute thresholddifference threshold
- 10. Multiple Choicea theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.primingsignal detection theorysublimalabsolute threshold
- 11. Multiple Choicebelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awarenesssubliminalpriming
- 12. Multiple Choicethe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or responsesubliminalpriming
- 13. Multiple Choicethe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience it as a noticeable difference.absolute thresholddifference threshold
- 14. Multiple Choicethe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount)Weber's lawsignal detection theory
- 15. Multiple Choicediminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulationsensory adaptationtransduction
- 16. Multiple Choiceconversion of one's form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.intensityhuewavelengthtransduction
- 17. Multiple Choicethe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the sort blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.intensityhuewavelengthtransduction
- 18. Multiple Choicethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forthintensityhuewavelengthtransduction
- 19. Multiple Choicethe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitudeintensityhuewavelengthtransduction
- 20. Multiple Choicethe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light entersretinapupillensiris
- 21. Multiple Choicea ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil openingpupillensretinairis
- 22. Multiple Choicethe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retinapupillensirisretina
- 23. Multiple Choicethe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual informationretinalenspupiliris
- 24. Multiple Choiceretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respondrodsconesblind spotaccomodation
- 25. Multiple Choiceretinal receptor cellls that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.rodscones
- 26. Multiple Choicethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brainfoveaoptic nerve
- 27. Multiple Choicethe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.foveablind spot
- 28. Multiple Choicethe central focal point in the retina, around when the eye's cones clusteririsfovea
- 29. Multiple Choicenerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movementfeature detectorsrods
- 30. Multiple Choicethe processing of many aspects of a probelm simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most ocmputers and of conscious problem solvingfeature detectionparallel processing
- 31. Multiple Choicethe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theoryopponent-process theory
- 32. Multiple Choicethe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theoryopponent-process theory
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