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- 1. Multiple ChoiceWhat role do protein kinases serve?remove phosphate groups to deactivate enzymesinactivate cAMP to AMPadd phosphate groups to activate enzyme'sactivate G proteins
- 2. Multiple ChoiceA signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is aligandsecond messengerprotein kinasereceptor protein
- 3. Multiple Choice
What does this picture show?2 chromosomes1 chromosome that has been replicated1 unreplicated chromosomeA homologous pair of chromosomes - 4. Multiple ChoiceEpinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below.
Which of the following molecules act as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrine stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?AdenosineAdenylyl cyclaseCitric acidCyclic AMP - 5. Multiple ChoiceWhat do second messengers do?transport a signal through the lipid bilayerrelay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cellrelay message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasmdampen the message
- 6. Multiple ChoiceSignal amplification is most often achieved byan enzyme cascadebinding of multiple signalsbranching pathwaysaction of adenylyl cyclase
- 7. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a phosphorylation cascade?traveling of hormones through the airtraveling of hormones through the bloodthe removal of a phosphatea series of molecules that get phosphorylated
- 8. Multiple ChoiceNeurotransmitters are used in _____ signaling.synapticparacrinejuxtacrineendocrine
- 9. Multiple ChoiceThe 3 steps of signal transduction in order arereception, transduction, responseresponse, transduction, receptionreception, response, transductiontransduction, reception, response
- 10. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?gated ion channelG-protein receptortyrosine kinase receptor
- 11. Multiple Choice_______ regulates what enters and leaves a cell.Cell MembraneNucleusMitochondriaCytoplasm
- 12. Multiple ChoiceA cell’s DNA has become damaged beyond repair, the cell undergoes which of the following processes?cytokinesissignal transduction pathwaysexocytosisapoptosis
- 13. Multiple ChoiceHydrophobic region of the cell membrane?EBCA
- 14. Multiple ChoiceWhich is NOT a part of a signal transduction pathway?responsetranscriptiontransductionreception
- 15. Multiple ChoiceThe uncontrolled division of cells that results in malignant growthtissuescancermitosisanaphase
- 16. Multiple ChoiceStructure A refers to the _____.chromatidchromosomecentromere
- 17. Multiple ChoiceStructure B is pointing to the _____.chromosomecentromereDNAchromatid
- 18. Multiple ChoiceStructure C is pointing to one ____.chromatidchromosomecentromereDNA
- 19. Multiple ChoiceDNA is replicated during ______ of the cell cycle.G1SG2G0
- 20. Multiple ChoiceBacteria (prokaryotes) reproduce usingbuddingbinary fissionsporesseeds & pollen
- 21. Multiple ChoiceWhy must the nuclear envelope disappear in prophase?so that the spindle fibers can be synthesizedso that the microtubules can attach to centromeresso that the cytoplasm can divideso that the chromosomes can condense
- 22. Multiple ChoiceThe spindle fibers which attach to the chromosomes are made up of:microfilamensmicrotubulesintermediate filamentspeptidoglycan
- 23. Multiple ChoiceWhere do the mitotic spindles originate?at the centromeresat the centrosomesat the cell membraneat the nuclear envelope
- 24. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cellIt might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cellSince it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell processIt is a steroid
- 25. Multiple ChoiceWhen epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cellsEpinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cellsThe two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responsesCardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine
- 26. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?cAMPG Proteinprotein kinaseprotein phosphatase
- 27. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?G-protein receptorTyrosine kinase receptorLigand-gated ion channelSodium-potassium pump
- 28. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is the most likely response to a signal that reaches the cell's nucleus?regulate gene expression (turning genes on or off)surpress metabolismregulate ligand-gated ion channelsinitiation of apoptosis
- 29. Multiple ChoiceLipid–soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells becauseintracellular receptors are present only in target cells.only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
- 30. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?ligand-gated ion channelG-protein receptortyrosine kinase receptorsodium-potassium pump
- 31. Multiple ChoiceHow does the concentration of cyclin change as a cell goes through the cell cycle?Cyclin concentration remains constant.Cyclin concentration increases during interphase and decreases during mitosis.Cyclin concentration decreases during interphase and increases during mitosis.Cyclin concentration is inversely related to MPF concentrations.
- 32. Multiple ChoiceFor a chemotherapeutic drug to be useful for treating cancer cells, which is the most desirable?limit all apoptosisdoes not alter metabolically active cellsinterferes with cells entering G0interferes with rapidly diving cells
- 33. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following describes cell activity during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?the cell undergoes mitosisthe cell increases in size and produces new organellesDNA is replicatedthe cell is in a resting place
- 34. Multiple ChoiceThe signaling molecule behaves as a ____________, the term for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule.ligandkinaseintracellular transducerphosphatase
- 35. Multiple ChoiceProteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and that show variations in concentration during the cell cycle are called:ATPasesKinasesCyclinsKinetochores
- 36. Multiple Choice_______________________ are condensed (tightly wound) DNA.ChromosomesRibosomesMitochondriaProteins
- 37. Multiple ChoiceThis is the cell cycle checkpoint that makes sure DNA has been replicated correctly during S phase.G1 CheckpointG2 CheckpointM CheckpointG0 Checkpoint
- 38. Multiple ChoiceThis is the cell cycle checkpoint that makes sure the correct number of chromosomes are present and attached to microtubules.G1 CheckpointG2 CheckpointM CheckpointG0 Checkpoint
- 39. Multiple ChoiceChromosomes are used ONLY during cell division because...it makes DNA easier to separateit makes DNA easier to readcells always use chromosomescells never use chromosomes
- 40. Multiple Choice
What do secondary messengers, like cAMP, do?
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
relay & amplify a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
relay & amplify a message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm
dampen the message
- 41. Multiple Choice
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________.
they are species specific.
the number of molecules used is small and fixed.
they always lead to the same cellular response.
they amplify the original signal manyfold.
they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
- 42. Multiple Choice
What is an organic compound that is made by glands in the body (pituitary, thyroid, etc) that is used in long distance communication between cells?
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Synapse
Carbohydrates
- 43. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of feedback loop is shown?PositiveNeutralNegative
- 44. Multiple ChoiceWhat type of feedback loop is shown?negativeneutralpositive
- 45. Multiple ChoiceNegative Feedback Loops:amplify processesprevent small changes from getting largerare initiated during childbirthare found only in plants
- 46. Multiple Choice
If the calcium in your blood decreases below homeostasis levels, a gland in the brain will sense the decrease and send a chemical message to your bones. Your bones will release calcium into the blood, bringing blood calcium levels back up. This is an example of what type of feedback?
Positive Feedback Response
Negative Feedback Loop
- 47. Multiple Choice
As you get dehydrated, your blood becomes thicker and harder to pump. Your kidneys will respond by stopping urine production, sending the water from urine into your bloodstream to thin your blood back to normal level. This is an example of what type of feedback?
Positive Feedback Response
Negative Feedback Loop
- 48. Multiple ChoiceRapid growth during puberty causes your body to release more and more growth hormones. As you grow, more and more growth hormones are released until puberty is reached, and then the hormones stop.Positive Feedback ResponseNegative Feedback Loop
- 49. Multiple Choice
When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut is closed. This is an example of what type of feedback?
Positive Feedback Response
Negative Feedback Loop
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