What is it called when the Moon completely blocks the Sun during a solar eclipse?

What is the term for the dark inner shadow cast by the Moon or Earth during an eclipse?

Which type of eclipse occurs when the Moon passes into Earth's shadow?

What is the term for the outer, lighter shadow during an eclipse?

During which phase of the Moon does a solar eclipse occur?

What is the rarest type of solar eclipse, where the Moon is too far from Earth to completely block the Sun, creating a ring of fire?

Why don’t we see a solar eclipse every New Moon?