Women

European Americans

Poor people

Soldiers/Veterans

Passing the Bill of Rights to guarantee the rights of all Americans.

Passing the Progressive Amendments (think 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th amendments) .

Passing what are known as the Reconstruction Amendments (think 13th, 14th, 15th amendments)

Congress passing civil and voting rights legislation to try and end discrimination.

The "3/5th Clause" of the 12th Amendment

The "apportionment clause of the 16th Amendment.

The "punishment clause" of the 13th Amendment.

The "due process clause" of the 14th Amendment.

to place limits on immigrants coming to the U.S.

to extend voting rights to groups that were formerly disenfranchised.

to strengthen the rights of persons accused of a crime.

to prevent a strong central government from threatening people's rights.

congressional legislation was passed.

passage of a constitutional amendment.

a Supreme Court decision.

a presidential Executive Order was issued.

Incorporation

Constitutional amendments

Past precedent

the 5th Amendment's Due Process Clause

by applying the due process clause to extend basic rights.

by passing legislation like the Voting Rights Act or the Civil Rights Act.

by sending the National Guard to enforce desegregation in the South.

the executive branch played no role in extending civil rights.

Sent the National Guard to enforce desegregation in the South.

Outlawed discrimination in public places.

Applied the due process clause to extend basic rights.

through constitutional amendments like the 15th and 19th amendments.

15th Amendment

19th Amendment

24th Amendment

26th Amendment

Attempts to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Federal laws being nullified by Northern States.

Refusal to intervene in bringing about reforms in the South.

Denying African Americans the right to vote in the South.