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- 1. Multiple Choice
With what activities are falls associated in persons with neurologic pathology?
Eating and drinking
Mobility, occurring during walking, transfers, and stair climbing
Reading and writing
Sleeping and resting
- 2. Multiple Choice
What does alignment in the context of steady-state balance refer to?
The ability to maintain a steady heart rate
The relationship of body segments to one another and to the position of the body with reference to surrounds, gravity, and base of support
The specific exercises required to maintain balance
The type of footwear needed to improve balance
- 3. Multiple Choice
How does alignment influence muscle activity in steady-state balance?
It influences the fashion trends in sportswear
It influences how muscles are recruited and coordinated for recovery of stability
It has no influence on muscle activity
It only influences the muscles of the lower body
- 4. Multiple Choice
What is used to assess stability during quiet stance in patients with impaired steady-state balance?
Single- or dual-force plates
MRI scans
Blood tests
Reflex hammer
- 5. Multiple Choice
Pathology in which part of the brain is associated with directionally specific increased postural sway?
Cerebellum
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Amygdala
- 6. Multiple Choice
Weight-bearing asymmetry (WBA) and lateralized control strategies are used for maintaining stable stance position in cases of:
Impaired steady-state balance
Cognitive impairments
Visual deficits
Auditory problems
- 7. Multiple Choice
Stability limits in postural control are determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
Biomechanics of body
Subjective perceptions
Postural control abilities
Dietary habits
- 8. Multiple Choice
What is an important prognostic indicator of outcomes following a stroke?
Steady-State Balance in Running
Steady-State Balance in Sitting
Steady-State Balance in Standing
Steady-State Balance in Walking
- 9. Multiple Choice
Which component is important for sitting balance?
Control of the legs
Control of the arms
Control of the trunk
Control of the head
- 10. Multiple Choice
What does the clinical examination of impaired steady-state balance include?
Examination of reflexes, muscle strength, and coordination
Examination of vision, hearing, and speech
Examination of alignment, postural sway, and stability limits
Examination of cognitive function, attention, and memory
- 11. Multiple Choice
What is a characteristic of impaired in-place strategies?
Proper sequencing
Coactivation
Premature onset of postural responses
Enhanced modifying postural strategies
- 12. Multiple Choice
What is the purpose of treatment programs in the context of impaired reactive balance?
To improve cognitive recovery strategies
To improve manual dexterity
To improve recovery strategies
To improve automatic speaking abilities
- 13. Multiple Choice
What is impaired anticipatory postural control characterized by?
Increased efficiency of postural adjustments in advance of voluntary movements
Loss of anticipatory processes that activate postural adjustments in advance of potentially destabilizing voluntary movements
Enhanced coordination during rapid movements
Improved balance without prior experience or learning
- 14. Multiple Choice
Anticipatory postural activity is dependent on:
The current state of the environment only
Previous experience and learning
The type of movement being performed
The time of day the activity is performed
- 15. Multiple Choice
What can reduce the effect of impaired anticipatory postural adjustments in the trunk?
Increased cognitive effort
External trunk support
Medication
Ignoring the impairment
- 16. Multiple Choice
Which of the following is a clinical implication for impaired anticipatory postural control?
Activities to restrict the center of body mass (COM) after voluntary movement
Treatment strategies that worsen anticipatory postural control to challenge the patient
Activities to stabilize the center of body mass (COM) prior to the voluntary movement
Avoiding any treatment strategies for anticipatory postural control
- 17. Multiple Choice
What is the outcome of treatment strategies that improve anticipatory postural control?
They decrease functional skills
They have no impact on functional skills
They improve functional skills
They replace the need for anticipatory postural control
- 18. Multiple Choice
What is necessary for maintaining steady-state balance in terms of orientation in the environment?
Disrupt the development of accurate internal models and perceptions of the body
Disrupt ability to adapt sensory inputs to changes in task and environmental demands
Availability of accurate orientation cues in the environment
Availability of other senses to detect position of the body in space
- 19. Multiple Choice
Which clinical measure is NOT listed as an instrumented sensory organization test or clinical measure of balance?
Berg Balance Scale
Dynamic Gait Index
Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale
Visual Acuity Test
- 20. Multiple Choice
What results from the loss of somatosensory inputs according to Problems in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems #5?
Improved balance and coordination
No change in motor adaptation
Profound changes in motor adaptation
Decreased need for postural adjustments
- 21. Multiple Choice
What is the clinical implication of perceptual problems affecting postural control as mentioned in Problems in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems #6?
Assessment and treatment of misperceptions affecting control of balance
Ignoring the misperceptions as they have no significant impact
Focusing on medication rather than assessment
Only treating the symptoms without assessing the cause
- 22. Multiple Choice
What is a major factor predicting participation in community mobility following a stroke?
Cognitive rehabilitation
Balance and Falls Self-Efficacy
Medication adherence
Social support systems
- 23. Multiple Choice
What can be compromised under dual-task conditions?
Cognitive function only
Physical activity only
Stability only
Attentional capacity and stability
- 24. Multiple Choice
Can persons with the same diagnosis present with different postural problems?
Yes, they can present with very different postural problems.
No, they always present with the same postural problems.
Yes, but only if they have different diagnoses.
No, postural problems are not related to diagnoses.
- 25. Multiple Choice
Which factors have a profound impact on behavior in the context of postural dyscontrol?
Age, premorbid status, and degree of compensation.
Height, weight, and shoe size.
Diet, exercise routine, and sleep schedule.
Educational background, occupation, and hobbies.
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