The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society

Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group's culture

Visible, physical objects created by a culture

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions

The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society

Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group's culture

Visible, physical objects created by a culture

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions

The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society

The ideas, beliefs, values and knowledge of a culture

Visible, physical objects created by a culture

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions

The map shows how French-language movies, music, and literature dominate global entertainment media.

The map shows how France was an ancient-culture hearth from which the French language spread through expansion diffusion.

The map shows how in many areas of the former French empire the language persists despite the independence of former colonies.

The map shows how French civil servants established schools in many parts of the French colonial empire.

Small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and are unlikely to change

Large, heterogenous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization

The ethnicity of the people in the image

The dragon that the people are holding

The French language on the banner hanging from the building

The density of the crowd

Small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and are unlikely to change

Large, heterogenous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization

Unique attributes of a specific location

Attributes of a specific location that have no sense of place

Unique attributes of a specific location

No sense of place. Uniform landscape

The sign indicates that County Cork is a linguistic region of the Republic of Ireland.

The sign delineates an international political border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

The sign promotes the use of a single language in the region.

The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards and often includes the belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is better than others

An unbiased way of viewing another culture, which leads to the view that on one culture is superior to another when culture is compared

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place

Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards and often includes the belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is better than others

An unbiased way of viewing another culture, which leads to the view that on one culture is superior to another when culture is compared

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place

A clustered pattern of Swedish ethnicity

A diffused pattern of Swedish ethnicity evenly distributed across the state

A Swedish ethnic majority in the northern half of the state

A Swedish ethnic majority throughout the state

Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards and often includes the belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is better than others

A natural landscape that has not been modified by humans

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place

The Northeast, because residents are influenced by British Protestantism.

The Southeast, because residents are influenced by traditional religions from West Africa.

The Great Plains, because residents are influenced by Native American traditional religions.

The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards and often includes the belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is better than others

A natural landscape that has not been modified by humans

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place

Is a sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by a common ancestry and culture.

Physical characteristics

The map shows the distribution of the Amerindian language family, which diffused from its hearth in Canada and spread southward into South America through contagious diffusion and into Europe and Asia through trade and hierarchal diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which diffused from its hearth in China and spread into Europe by contagious diffusion and to the Americas through stimulus diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Uralic language family, which diffused from its hearth in Iceland and spread into northern Europe through contagious diffusion by Norse trading groups.

Sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by a common ancestry and culture

People of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location

Large Cities

Small Towns

Large Towns

Small Cities

This practice will likely spread via hierarchical diffusion when the president of the United States signs an executive order banning plastic straws in all states.

This practice will likely spread via social media and stimulus diffusion when other states enact identical laws banning plastic straws.

Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

As regional news organizations report on the ban, this practice will likely spread through contagious diffusion only to western states adjacent to California.

Transnational migration

Transhumance migration

Chain migration

Step migration

The increasing popularity of a fashion trend that originates in a large city, such as New York, and spreads to small rural towns

The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

The spread of a religion through the migration of adherents of the religion

The increasing popularity of a new band that spends a year touring cities around the world

Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century.

Christianity entered the Philippines through the ministry of representatives from the Russian Orthodox church.

A secondary hearth for Christianity arose in the Philippines in the twelfth century, and since that time Christianity has remained the dominant religion in the Philippines.

Christianity entered the Philippines through contagious diffusion because of its proximity to Indonesia.

People of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location

Predictable distribution of ethnicities that can be examined at multiple scales

The primary role of women is to have children

The primary role of women is to have a education and have children later on in life

The English language is widely used on the Internet.

Social media applications commonly support dozens of different languages.

Many governments censor citizens’ Internet access.

An increasing number of Internet users communicate exclusively through emojis.

The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.

The English language diffused throughout North America through the process of hierarchical diffusion. The language was initially spoken in cities and was gradually adopted by people living in rural areas.

The English language diffused to North America through the process of contagious diffusion. Christian missionaries were responsible for the spread of the language among the indigenous population.

The English language became a widely spoken language in North America in the twentieth century. This primarily occurred as a way of unifying the immigrant populations in both the United States and Canada.

A location where women and men are together

Places in the cultural landscape utilized to reinforced or accommodate gender roles for men and women

Practice of cutting flat areas out of mountains terrain in order to make it arable

Practice of planting corps in a row

Practice of cutting flat areas into swampy areas in order to make it arable

The environment and built with available local materials. Reflective of history, culture and climate

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic

The environment and built with available local materials. Reflective of history, culture and climate

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict and violence

Areas of the world that share cultural traits such as language families, religious traditions, or shared history.

Characteristics that unity a country and provide stability

Characteristics that unite a country and provide stability

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence

Characteristics that unite a country and provide stability

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force

When a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/ or political gain

The assertion of political economic and cultural influence rather than occupation

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force

When a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/ or political gain

The assertion of political economic and cultural influence rather than occupation

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force

When a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/ or political gain

The assertion of political economic and cultural influence rather than occupation

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages

A common language used by speakers of two diffrent languages for communication

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance of isolation

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

A pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed though settings of colonization or slavery

A common language used by speakers of two diffrent languages for communication

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance of isolation

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages

A common language used by speakers of two diffrent languages for communication

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance of isolation

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

True

False

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages

A common language used by speakers of two diffrent languages for communication

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance of isolation

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages

A common language used by speakers of two diffrent languages for communication

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance of isolation

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

True

False

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap

The geographic origin of a culture. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap

The geographic origin of a culture. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap

The geographic origin of a culture. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap

The geographic origin of a culture. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common hearth

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs lines that divide dialects

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap

The geographic origin of a culture. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Sino-Tibetan

Indo-European

Spanish

Portugese

French

Italian

Relocation diffusion, because the Chinese brought their porcelain to Europe

Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs

Contagious diffusion, because people throughout the world adopted the use of porcelain

Hierarchical diffusion, because only the wealthy could afford porcelain

German

English

Dutch

Italian

The practice of selling pizza by the slice in America, whereas pizzas in Italy were traditionally sold as whole pies

The addition of hands-free driving features to cars manufactured by companies headquartered throughout the world

The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

The migration of asylum seekers from Syria to Europe

Colonialism/Imperialism

Military Conquest

Trade

Migration

Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 BC. The Kurgans spread the language by conquering Europe and South Asia

The adoption of Indo-European language was facilitad through successful agricultural practices as population increased due to a surplus of food they migrated out of the hearth and into European and Asian countries

Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 BC. The Kurgans spread the language by conquering Europe and South Asia

The adoption of Indo-European language was facilitad through successful agricultural practices as population increased due to a surplus of food they migrated out of the hearth and into European and Asian countries

Migration

Military conquest

trade

Migration

Military conquest

trade

English in India

Mandarin in China

Hmong in the United States

French in Canada

Christanity

Islam

Hindusim

Buddhism

Islam

Hinduism

Christanity

Buddhism

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Christianity

Islam

Buddihism

Sikism

Hindusim

Shintoism

Traditional religions

Sikism

As a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it - think of the game telephone. Things change over distance and time.

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike.

Cultures become LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality. Separating/distinguishing from mainstream

Ethnicity

Language

Taboos

Religion

As a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it - think of the game telephone. Things change over distance and time.

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike.

Cultures become LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality. Separating/distinguishing from mainstream

Cultural diffusion

Acculturation

Forced migration

Sequent occupance

As a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it - think of the game telephone. Things change over distance and time.

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike.

Cultures become LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality. Separating/distinguishing from mainstream

Acculturation

Material culture

Assimilation

Cultural trait

As a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it - think of the game telephone. Things change over distance and time.

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike.

Cultures become LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality. Separating/distinguishing from mainstream

True

False

The schools were intended to promote multiculturalism by introducing European culture to indigenous youth.

The schools were intended to diffuse Christianity and assimilate indigenous youth into European culture.

The schools were intended to blend indigenous and European cultures through syncretism.

The schools represented a traditional cultural trait of many indigenous societies.

Prolonged contact between two or more cultures may result in acculturation which is when people within one culture adopt some traits from the other culture

Subtype of acculturation in which one culture abandons their original culture and adopts another culture

The acceptance and tolerance of many different cultures which exist in close proximity to one another. Openness, acceptance, diversity.

When two culture’s traits blend together and form a new cultural trait. This can happen through contact between peoples such as imperialism, military

Prolonged contact between two or more cultures may result in acculturation which is when people within one culture adopt some traits from the other culture

Subtype of acculturation in which one culture abandons their original culture and adopts another culture

The acceptance and tolerance of many different cultures which exist in close proximity to one another. Openness, acceptance, diversity.

When two culture’s traits blend together and form a new cultural trait. This can happen through contact between peoples such as imperialism, military

A family immigrates to a new country, settles near others from their homeland, and conducts most of their day-to-day activities within their ethnic neighborhood.

Despite the large number of historic churches in France, many French identify as nonreligious and believe that religion is a private matter.

The island of Mauritius has large populations of Christians, Hindus, and Muslims. The constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination and protects freedom of religion.

The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers.

Prolonged contact between two or more cultures may result in acculturation which is when people within one culture adopt some traits from the other culture

Subtype of acculturation in which one culture abandons their original culture and adopts another culture

The acceptance and tolerance of many different cultures which exist in close proximity to one another. Openness, acceptance, diversity.

When two culture’s traits blend together and form a new cultural trait. This can happen through contact between peoples such as imperialism, military

Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.

Immigrant communities fuse their own religion with the dominant religion in the receiving country to create a syncretic religion.

Ethnic religions do not diffuse past their hearth, so immigrants must adopt a new religion when relocating to a new country.

Immigrants bring their religion with them when they relocate, and their religion quickly spreads to the overwhelming majority of citizens in the receiving country.