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- 1. Open EndedAmong the characteristics unique to animals is : -gastrulation. -multicellularity. -sexual reproduction. -flagellated sperm. -heterotrophic nutrition.
- 2. Open EndedThe distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of -a body cavity. - a complete digestive tract. -a circulatory system. - true tissues. -mesoderm.
- 3. Open EndedWhich of these is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in Figures 32.10 and 32.11? -the monophyly of the animal kingdom - the relationship of taxa of segmented animals to taxa of nonsegmented animals - that sponges are basal animals - that chordates are deuterostomes - the monophyly of the bilaterians
- 4. Open EndedAcoelomates are characterized by - the absence of a brain. - the absence of mesoderm. - deuterostome development. -a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. - a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.
- 5. Open EndedWhich of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? - the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals - the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion - the movement of animals onto land - the evolution of Hox genes that controlled development - the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals
- 6. Open EndedWhat is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? -Animals in both groups are segmented. - Animals in both groups undergo ecdysis. -They both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar. -Fossils reveal a common ancestor of the two phyla. -Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.
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