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- 1. Open EndedWhich of these larger organisms has a Type I survivor-ship curve? A - A songbird B - A gorilla C - A giant sequoia D - An insect
- 2. Open EndedAccording to the r/K selection theory, an r-selected species has which of the following characteristics? A - It is best suited to live in an unstable environment, it is short-lived, and produces a large number of offspring, each of which receives little parental investment. B - It is best suited to live in a stable environment, it is short-lived, and produces a large number of offspring, each of which receives little parental investment. C - It is best suited to live in a stable environment, it is long-lived, and produces a small number of offspring, each of which receives a lot of parental investment. D - It is best suited to live in an unstable environment, it is short-lived, and produces a large number of offspring, each of which receives a lot of parental investment.
- 3. Open EndedWhich of the following is a key feature of the life histories of species that have a Type III survivor-ship curve? A - A relatively steady death rate throughout the species' entire life history B - Production of a small number of offspring, each of which receives a lot of parental investment C - Production of a large number of small offspring, each of which receives little parental investment D - A high death rate in the oldest age groups
- 4. Open EndedWhich of the following is an indirect indicator that biologists can use to estimate a population's density? A - Counting the number of organisms in an area B - All of the answers are correct C - Counting the number of nests in an area D - The number of previously tagged animals they trap
- 5. Open EndedWhich type of factors has the biggest impact on an organism's life history? A - Environmental factors B - Physiological factors C - Factors related to the predators of the species D - Factors unique to the organism's survival and fitness
- 6. Open EndedWhat is niche differentiation? A - When one species out competes another in a particular niche to exclude it from the niche. B - When one or more species find a new food source or other resource to exploit in order to avoid inter-specific competition with similar species. C - When geographic separation allows one species to evolve into two or more different species. D - When geographic separation allows one species to evolve into two or more different species. E - When more than one species with almost the same fundamental niche adapt to become specialists in different aspects of the fundamental niche
- 7. Open EndedWhat is an ecomorph? A - A population that has recently evolved physical variation to adapt to a specific microenvironment B - A genus of organisms that all fill the same niche C - All the populations that share the same fundamental niche within an ecosystem D - A species that is found only in one specific ecosystem
- 8. Open EndedAccording to the graph, at which elevation is the population density of Species A highest? A - 5,000 ft B - 4,000 ft C - 3,000 ft D - 6,000 ft
- 9. Open EndedWhat is inter-specific competition? A - When similar species with similar niches become specialists in specific areas and create more than one specific niche, which allows both species to coexist. B - When two or more members of the same species in a community are competing for resources. C - When two or more species in a community are competing for resources. D - When populations that have recently evolved physical variations to adapt to specific microenvironments out-compete all other species.
- 10. Open EndedWhat is the major difference between competitive exclusion and local extinction? A - In competitive exclusion, a species disappears completely from an area, while in local extinction a species becomes specialists in certain parts of a local area. B - In competitive exclusion, a species disappears only partly from a local area, while in local extinction a species disappears completely from that area. C - In competitive exclusion, a species disappears completely from an area, while in local extinction a species disappears only from a part of a local area. D - In competitive exclusion, a species specializes in certain parts of a local area, while in local extinction a species disappears from part of the local area.
- 11. Open EndedWhat type of mimicry occurs when a harmless animal mimics a dangerous or unpalatable animal? A - Chemical mimicry B - Coloration mimicry C - Mullerian mimicry D - Batesian mimicry
- 12. Open EndedWhat is coevolution? A - Coevolution occurs when two very different predators evolve similar hunting styles to feed on the same types of prey. B - Coevolution is when species with the same fundamental niche become specialists in a very specific area of the niche, and allows all of the species to coexist in the same habitat. C - Coevolution occurs when the fitness of two different species is tightly linked and these two species evolve in response to evolutionary changes in each other. D - Coevolution occurs when two different species evolve in the same way to avoid being preyed upon by the same predator.
- 13. Open EndedWhat statement accurately portrays Monarch and Viceroy butterflies? A - Their similar coloration is an example of Batesian mimicry B - Their bright coloration is an indication that they are fit individuals and help them find a mate C - Their similar coloration is an example of Mullerian mimicry D -Viceroy butterflies make a tasty meal for predators, so they mimic Monarch butterflies which are unpalatable to predators
- 14. Open EndedWhat is a characteristic of animals that use chemicals for defense? A - They usually use their speed for defense B - They rarely use camouflage as a defense C - They rely on Batesian mimicry for defense D -They rely on Mullerian mimicry for defense
- 15. Open EndedWhat is commensalism? A - An association where the smaller species benefits and the larger species is harmed B - An association where both species benefit C - An association where one species is killed or inhibited, and the other organism is not significantly affected D - An association where the larger species benefits and the smaller species is harmed E - An association where one species benefits, and the other species is not significantly affected
- 16. Open EndedWhen a bee gathers nectar from a certain type of flower to make honey and in the process pollinates the flower, what kind of relationship exists between the bee and the flower? A - Parasitic B - Commensalistic C - Mutualistic D - Amensalistic E - Serendipitous
- 17. Open EndedAn association between two different species where the symbiont benefits and the host is harmed is known as... A - Symbiosis B - Commensalism C - Parasitism D - Pathogenic E - Amensalism
- 18. Open EndedIf a mosquito feeds on a bird that is infected with the West Nile Virus and then feeds on a human being who then contracts the virus, what role is the mosquito playing the infection of the person? A - The host B - The vector C - The symbiont D - The parasite E - The pathogen
- 19. Open EndedWhich of the following is TRUE about amensalism? A - Amensalism occurs very rarely. B - Sea turtles and the algae that grow on their shells are sometimes considered to be an example of amensalism. C - In amensalism, one species is harmed and the other species significantly benefits. D - Amensalism only occurs between plant species. E - Amensalism sometimes happens when a bigger, more established organism out-competes a smaller organism for resources.
- 20. Open EndedWhat usually happens in a natural population as it approaches its carrying capacity? A - The population drops dramatically B - Niche differentiation C - Nothing; the population will keep growing at the same rate D - The growth rate of the population slows down E - The population will migrate to an area with more resources
- 21. Open EndedWhat do biologists think the most common reason for migration is? A - To avoid freezing cold temperatures B - To avoid predation C - To find suitable breeding grounds D - To avoid inter-specific competition E - Availability of food
- 22. Open EndedIntraspecific competition usually gives rise to which of the following dispersion patterns? A - Clumped B - Either uniform or clumped C - random D - Uniform
- 23. Open EndedWhat is dispersion? A - The geographical limits within which a population or individual lives B - The pattern of spacing of individuals within a population C - The seasonal movement of organisms over long distances D - The maximum stable population size that can be sustained over a long period of time E - When an organism leaves the place it originated in and moves to a different place
- 24. Open EndedWhat is a population's range? A - The amount of time a population can survive at its carrying capacity B - The amount of resources available to a population C - The geographic limits within which a population or individual lives D - The pattern of spacing if individuals within a population
- 25. Open EndedHow have humans caused habitat fragmentation for animal and plant species around the world? A - By introducing organisms to unfavorable habitats B - By reducing pollution rivers and streams C - By converting natural habitats to farmland D - By encouraging reproductive processes in immobile organisms
- 26. Open EndedWhat does the term colonization mean in terms of organisms? A - A one-time migration of an organism or group of organisms into an area B - When an organism creates a new niche for itself that is not being exploited by any other species C - When a species starts to populate a habitat where the species was not already present D - The seasonal movement of organisms over long distances
- 27. Open EndedWhat specific field of science gave rise to the theoretical idea of island bio-geography and its counterpart island biodiversity? A - Paleontology B - Ecology C - Zoology D - Biology
- 28. Open EndedWhich ecological theory estimates the number of species that can live on an island based on the island's size and proximity to a mainland source of species? A - Island biospeciation B - Island dispersal C - Island biography D - Island bio-geography
- 29. Open EndedWhich term is used to describe how plants spread their seeds? A - Migration B - Colonization C - Dispersal D - Bio-geography
- 30. Open EndedWhat is the effect of predation on prey? A - Predation is a strong selective force for prey organisms B - Predation will make prey organisms wait longer to reproduce C - Predation makes all of the individuals in the populations being preyed upon less fit D - Predation doesn't have any long term effects on prey organisms
- 31. Open EndedWhich of the following is a function of the National Park Service in the United States? A - All of these B - Support the last wild herds of American bison C - Protect America's natural treasures D - Ensure that human activities do not destroy all of the natural habitat in the United States E - Ensure that several wild populations of organisms can maintain a range large enough to support a stable population
- 32. Open EndedWhich of the following is NOT a feature of a metapopulation? A - Overall, colonization events must occur at least as frequently as local extinctions B - Local extinction is likely to occur in any given patch of habitat eventually C - Several local populations are connected by infrequent immigration events D - Migration events happen frequently E - A metapopulation is composed of several smaller, separated populations
- 33. Open EndedWhat is a wildfire corridor? A - A large, continuous area of undisturbed natural habitat B - An area that has been developed by humans, but where wildlife is still frequently seen C - An area of habitat that runs alongside a road D -A natural migration route of a population of animals E - A route that animals can use to migrate between different patches of natural habitat
- 34. Open EndedWhich of the following is a major goal of conservation biologist? A - Establish new National Parks B - Study and characterize as many different species of organisms as they can before they go extinct C - Convert as much farmland as they can back to natural habitat D - Preserve healthy populations of as many different species as they can E - Stop all construction projects which will destroy any natural habitat
- 35. Open EndedAccording to metapopulation theory, what will happen when a population of a particular species goes locally extinct in a particular patch of habitat? A - The species is gone from the patch forever B - That patch of habitat will be destroyed or in some way will no longer be habitable by the species, otherwise the species would not have gone locally extinct there. C - The patch will not remain empty for more than a year because each year when a new batch of organisms matures, they will colonize every available patch. D - Another competing species will colonize the patch and exclude the first species from the patch if it tries to recolonize. E - The patch may remain empty for a period of time, but eventually the species will recolonize the patch from another patch within the metapopulation.
- 36. Open EndedWhich of the following events is likely to precede primary succession? A - A tsunami B - A volcano eruption that creates a new island C - A flood D - A wildfire E - Deforestation
- 37. Open EndedAfter a glacier recedes, the moss and lichens that grow on the newly exposed rock surfaces are called what? A - A transitional community B - A succession community C - Glacier followers D - A pioneer community E - A climax community
- 38. Open EndedThe chaparral biome is characterized by what? A - Dense evergreen shrubs in the summer and small soft-leaved plants in the winter B - Periodic fires C - Poor soil and very little rainfall D - Most of the biomass is contained within the woody shrubs that dominate the vegetation E - Dense evergreen shrubs; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
- 39. Open EndedA chaparral plant that is usually only seen in the first couple of years after a fire is also called what? A - A fire-follower B - A fire germinator C - A smoke germinator D - Hibernating vegetation E - Ash vegetation
- 40. Open EndedWhat is a climax community? A - The first community of organisms to colonize a habitat in the ecological succession process. B - The community that was present before an ecological disturbance occurred. C - The ecological community with the highest species diversity that can occupy a given habitat. D - The ecological community with the highest biomass that can occupy a given habitat. E - The community that can be stably maintained after ecological succession is completed.
- 41. Open EndedWhich of the following is a TRUE statement about introduced species? A - Introduced species that become established in their new environment are able to do so because they are able to evolve quicker than introduced species that do not become established B - To be successful, introduced species must find a way to survive all of the same environmental and community factors that native species have to survive. C - Introduced species are usually better equipped to survive in an ecosystem than the native species are. D - Ecologists can easily predict the effects of introducing a new species to an ecosystem. E - If an introduced species becomes established it will always become invasive.
- 42. Open EndedWhat is an invasive species? A - A species that is continuously expanding its range B - A non-native species whose introduction into an area has caused economic or ecological harm C - A species that is living outside of its native environment and was brought there by human activity D - A species that is naturally found in an area and was not introduced by humans E - Any introduced species that survives and thrives in its new environment
- 43. Open Endedif an introduced species survives in its new environment and starts breeding, what are the likely consequences? A - Species diversity in the area will be increased as native species have to quickly evolve to find new ways to survive with a new species. B - All native species in the area will be negatively impacted. C - The introduced species is unlikely to impact the other organisms living in the area. D - The introduced species may impact some species, but only those that it is in direct competition with or that it feeds on. E - Some native species will be negatively impacted, and some may even go locally extinct, but it is impossible to predict exactly which species, or how many will be affected.
- 44. Open EndedWhat is ecological balance? A - The condition of equilibrium between native and non-native species in an environment B - The condition of equilibrium among members of the same species in an ecosystem C - None of these D - The condition of equilibrium among the different species in an ecosystem
- 45. Open EndedWhich of the following processes provides balance within the native habitat of a species, but is no longer present once the species is introduced into a new habitat? A - Evolution B - Coevolution C - Competition D - Niche differentiation E - Migration
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