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- 1. Open Ended1. Define "muscle imbalance".
- 2. Open Ended2. Muscle imbalances are alterations in the lengths of muscles surrounding a given joint, in which some are ___ & others may be ___.
- 3. Open Ended3. Muscle imbalances can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. These causes may include the following 7:
- 4. Open Ended4. Muscles imbalance may be caused by, or result in, the following 4:
- 5. Open Ended5. Define "reciprocal inhibition".
- 6. Open Ended*6. An example of reciprocal inhibition: To perform elbow flexion during a biceps curl, the biceps brachii actively contracts while the triceps brachii (the antagonist muscle) relaxes to allow the movement to occur.
- 7. Open Ended7. Define "altered reciprocal inhibition".
- 8. Open Ended*8. An example of altered reciprocal inhibition: A tight psoas (hip flexor) would decrease neural drive of the glutues maximus (hip extensor).
- 9. Open Ended9. What are the negative effects of altered reciprocal inhibition?
- 10. Open Ended10. Define "synergistic dominance".
- 11. Open Ended*11. An example of synergistic dominance: If the psoas is tight, it leads to altered reciprocal inhibition of the gluteus maximus, which in turn results in increased force output of the synergists for hip extension (hamstring complex, adductor magnus) to compensate for the weakened gluteus maximus.
- 12. Open Ended12. What is the result of synergistic dominance?
- 13. Open Ended13. The term arthrokinematics refers to:
- 14. Open Ended14. Define "arthrokinetic dysfunction".
- 15. Open Ended15. Two things that can cause altered joint motion:
- 16. Open Ended*16. An example of altered joint motion: Performing a squat with excessively rotated feet (feet turned outward) forces the tibia (shin bone) & femur (thigh bone) to also rotate externally. This posture alters the length-tension relationships of the muscles at the knees & hips, putting the gluteus maximus in a shortened position & decreasing its ability to generate force. Furthermore, the biceps femoris (hamstring muscle) & piriformis (outer hip muscle) become synergistically dominant, altering the force-couple relationships & ideal joint motion, increasing the stress on the knees & low-back.
- 17. Open Ended17. With time, what can arthrokinematic dysfunction lead to?
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