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- 1. Open EndedProblems of eastern forests
- 2. Open EndedOld growth forest
- 3. Open EndedPillows & cradles
- 4. Fill in the BlankLogging in the early 1900's left only a few pockets of________________
- 5. Fill in the BlankCatastrophic fire burned off_____________ leaving ____________ with little organic material to encourage regrowth.
- 6. Open EndedWhat question is asked to identify the health of an ecosystem?
- 7. Open Endedfirst-order stream
- 8. Open EndedSecond order stream
- 9. Open EndedThird order stream
- 10. Open EndedFalling run is mostly...
- 11. Open EndedReference reach
- 12. Open EndedPools are located...
- 13. Open EndedRiffles are...
- 14. Open EndedThe run is...
- 15. Open EndedGlide is...
- 16. Open EndedBankful
- 17. Open EndedFloodplain
- 18. Open EndedFloodplains are...
- 19. Open EndedRecruitment
- 20. Open EndedIdentifying invasive plants assess...
- 21. Open EndedWhat was the land cover of most of the eastern US before European settlement?
- 22. Open EndedMuch of the eastern forest had been subject to burning about twice a year by American Indians before European colonization. What made fires after logging catastrophic?
- 23. Open EndedWhat is a consequence of totally repressing fire cycles?
- 24. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______aceae plant family have in common composite flowers surrounded by involucral bracts (specialized leaves that surround the flower).
- 25. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______ceae plant family have in common imperfect flowers in catkins (slim, cylindrical flower clusters); fruits that are small nutlets (seeds covered by stony layer). Their bark is usually exfoliating, and leaf margins are doubly serrate (teethed teeth).
- 26. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______ceae plant family have in common simple, evergreen leaves that are often thick, leathery/shiny; many species in this family are toxic.
- 27. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______aceae plant family have in common fruit that is a legume (carpel that opens along 2 seams); stipules (outgrowths at base of leaf stalk) or spines; and the ability to fix nitrogen, which lets them colonize poor soils.
- 28. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______aceae plant family usually have pinnately compound leaves, or more rarely leaves with 3 leaflets. Their leaves are large and aromatic, and the flowers are catkins.
- 29. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______ceae plant family usually have square stems, often with fragrant foliage. Flowers have an upper and lower lip, and leaves are opposite or whorled.
- 30. Fill in the BlankMembers of the ______ceae plant family have showy flowers, usually with 5 petals; simple or pinnate leaves, typically with serrate (toothed) leaf margin. Leaves are usually arranged in spirals, though sometimes are opposite.
- 31. Open EndedWhy are native plants important to ecosystems?
- 32. Open EndedWhich hickory likes the wettest site conditions?
- 33. Open EndedWhich hickory prefers dry, sandy site conditions?
- 34. Open EndedWhat is the difference between restoration ecology and conservation biology?
- 35. Open EndedDo various stakeholders tend to agree on how natural resources should be used and managed?
- 36. Open EndedWhich indicates less impact of disturbance on an ecosystem: resistance or resilience?
- 37. Fill in the BlankLarge-scale fertilizer application ______ the biodiversity of both cultivated areas and adjacent landscapes.
- 38. Fill in the Blank______ is the conversion of heavily degraded ('useless') land (eg., mined areas) to a productive condition that is desirable and sustainable for human use. This type of restoration often includes a major clean-up, in the form of bioremediation / phytoremediation, or the capping / removal / treatment of contaminated soils.
- 39. Fill in the Blank________ _______ are particular about certain environmental conditions, and sensitive to changes in their environment. This makes them useful for understanding current conditions or how an ecosystem is changing - for example, whether the ecosystem is developing or degrading.
- 40. Fill in the BlankA ________ _________ is a target or goal for ecological restoration or rehabilitation.
- 41. Open EndedWhat's the correct order of stream features?
- 42. Fill in the Blank_________ occurs when water in the channel just begins to reach the floodplain.
- 43. Fill in the BlankThe __________ _____ is an unprecedented geologic era: humans dominate all ecosystems and the global environment as a whole
- 44. Open EndedA floodplain on one or both stream banks is necessary for identifying bankful.
- 45. Open EndedOn average, bankful events happen
- 46. Open EndedA stream channel forms over time, through a mix of high and low flows, molding the channel itself as well as the floodplain and valley floor around it.
- 47. Open EndedThe best way to identify bankful, is:
- 48. Open EndedWhat is the purpose of a BEHI evaluation?
- 49. Open EndedWhat are characteristics of a 'flashy' stream?
- 50. Open EndedIn the last 50 years, how many 100-year storms have occurred in the Mississippi Valley?
- 51. Open EndedName two trees especially vulnerable to fill.
- 52. Open EndedIs the pH of concrete rubble high or low?
- 53. Open EndedWhat does BS stand for, in a stream survey?
- 54. Fill in the BlankA stream survey cross section location should be ___________ to the direction of stream flow; for calculating stream velocity, locate the cross section at a RIFFLE.
- 55. Open EndedNo survey is complete until: it has been ___ within acceptable levels of error (typically in practice, 1/10 ft.)
- 56. Open EndedThe origin of channel bed materials, from upstream surface erosional and depositional process, is important in characterizing stream types. Most valleys in the Morgantown area were shaped by
- 57. Open EndedThe low flow feature in a stream channel is known as the
- 58. Open EndedA stream's entrenchment is determined by
- 59. Open EndedA longitudinal profile is a section that follows:
- 60. Fill in the BlankWatersheds in the East once absorbed over _____% of precipitation they received.
- 61. Fill in the BlankMost floodplains should be restored to _______________ conditions.
- 62. Fill in the BlankA primary rule in stream restoration is: don't ________ banks to stabilize them.
- 63. Open EndedHow can you identify a clay soil in the field?
- 64. Open EndedHow can you identify silt soil in the field?
- 65. Open EndedHow can you identify a sand soil in the field?
- 66. Open EndedIf a piece of land has an existing buried drainage network, can you plug the outlet with soil to restore wetland hydrology?
- 67. Open EndedBeavers can dam streams with a slope under ____.
- 68. Fill in the BlankSpecies diversity is often highest in wetlands when nutrient levels are _________.
- 69. Open EndedUnder eutrophic conditions, nutrient levels are ____.
- 70. Open EndedPredicting wetland restoration begins with succession theory. Can exotic species halt succession in restorations?
- 71. Open EndedGenotypes influence ecosystem structure and function. Can subtle genetic differences in strains of plants and animals introduced to restoration sites make a difference to the overall success of the project?
- 72. Open EndedIs the first step in a restoration project to jump into designing technologies?
- 73. Open EndedWhat is the overall goal in the restoration of disturbed ecosystems?
- 74. Open EndedIn Simard's talk, she describes her research that demonstrates old-growth trees ("hub trees" or "mother trees") support younger trees in the understory, sending excess carbon, as well as other chemicals (nitrogen, phosphorus, phytochemicals, defensive chemicals). How are these compounds and chemicals transmitted?
- 75. Open EndedSimard compares taking out too many "hub trees" from a forest to:
- 76. Open EndedSimard estimates that it's sustainable to log about what % of a forest, per year?
- 77. Open EndedTrue or False: Forests aren't just collections of trees, but complex systems with many hub trees and overlapping networks.
- 78. Open EndedWhy is it important to replant disturbed forests with a variety of species?
- 79. Open EndedAn even-aged stand of trees is characteristic of:
- 80. Open EndedIs succession a one way course with a given, inevitable single end result?
- 81. Open EndedDo woodland wildflowers (like mayapple / Podophyllum peltatum & trout lily / Erythronium americanum) and forest ferns establish easily from seed?
- 82. Open EndedWhen fire is suppressed, what are oaks often replaced by?
- 83. Open EndedWhat advantage do prairie species goldenrod (Solidago) and Aster species gain from allelopathy?
- 84. Open EndedWhy do prairies in the East require more active management than prairies of the Midwest?
- 85. Open EndedIs it easier to sustain native communities or to establish them?
- 86. Open EndedCan removing invasive species too aggressively be damaging to remnant native populations?
- 87. Fill in the Blank________ is how plant and animal communities develop over time, and in reaction to altered environmental conditions.
- 88. Open EndedWhat is the definition of ecological restoration?
- 89. Fill in the BlankOver _______ % of wetlands in the US have been filled or drained.
- 90. Open EndedWhat is roadlessness?
- 91. Open EndedWhat is an invasive species?
- 92. Open EndedWhat is a river's sinuosity?
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