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- 1. Open EndedWhen a value is pushed onto the stack, what happens to the address stored in the stack pointer?
- 2. Open EndedHow does the stack grow in RAM?
- 3. Open EndedHow do you subtract 8 from 8000 hex?
- 4. Open EndedHow do you do binary multiplication?
- 5. Open EndedHow does binary multiplication work (hardware)?
- 6. Open EndedWhen does overflow occur for bit mult?
- 7. Open EndedWhat does the carry-in value start as when performing binary addition?
- 8. Open EndedWhat bits are we concerned with when performing binary addition?
- 9. Open EndedHow do you know if there is overflow for unsigned addition?
- 10. Open EndedWhat can the binary value 1010 represent?
- 11. Open EndedWhich integer decoding scheme has two different binary representations for 0?
- 12. Open EndedHow many distinct bit patterns reside in w bits?
- 13. Open EndedWhat integer values can 4 bits of B2O represent? What about B2S?
- 14. Open EndedHow do you determine the value of negative B2O number?
- 15. Open EndedWhat is 1010 in B2O? B2S?
- 16. Open EndedWhat does C do when an operation is performed where one operand is signed and the other is unsigned?
- 17. Open EndedHow do you explicitly force an integer to be represented as its unsigned value?
- 18. Open EndedWhat is the value of -1 < 1? -1 < 1u?
- 19. Open EndedWhat are the max/min values for unsigned integers of w bits? What about unsigned ints?
- 20. Open EndedHow do you sign extend for unsigned? Signed?
- 21. Open EndedWhen would sign extension happen?
- 22. Open EndedHow does truncation work?
- 23. Open EndedHow do you know if there is overflow for signed addition?
- 24. Open EndedHow do you get the additive inverse of a 2's complement number? (additive inverse is the value added to a given value to get 0)
- 25. Open EndedHow do you perform B2T integer negation?
- 26. Open EndedWhat are the different types of rounding?
- 27. Open EndedWhat is underflow?
- 28. Open EndedWhat is the IEEE Standard 754 floating point?
- 29. Open EndedHow many bits is single precision? Double precision?
- 30. Open EndedFor the following C declarations, list the Intel data type, the assembly-code suffix, and size (bytes). char short int long char * float double
- 31. Open EndedWhat does shifting the binary point one position left do?
- 32. Open EndedWhat are the three fields in IEEE 754 encoding?
- 33. Open EndedWhy is a bias used for the exponent in IEEE 754?
- 34. Open EndedWhat is the real number decimal representation of IEEE 754?
- 35. Open EndedWhat is the "hidden bit"?
- 36. Open EndedWhat is the bias for single precision? Double precision? How is the bias chosen?
- 37. Open EndedWhat is the range of F for Normalized Numbers?
- 38. Open Endedfloat a = 64.2 double b = 64.2 double c = (double)a What does c = ?
- 39. Open EndedGive an example where IEEE 754 encoded values are less precise than integers.
- 40. Open EndedAt what IEEE encoding is every value guaranteed to be an integer?
- 41. Open EndedHow are the bits arranged for single precision and double precision?
- 42. Open EndedThe value encoded by a given IEEE 754 bit representation can be divided into 3 cases:
- 43. Open EndedWhat is a system?
- 44. Open EndedWhat are the three basic operations the hardware in a digital computer system must perform?
- 45. Open EndedHow is data storage done?
- 46. Open EndedWhat is a shell?
- 47. Open EndedWhat are buses? What are they designed to do?
- 48. Open EndedWhat is an MDR? MAR?
- 49. Open EndedWhat type of device is the disk drive (or more simply, the disk)?
- 50. Open EndedHow do I/O devices relate to buses?
- 51. Open EndedWhat is the difference between controllers and adapters?
- 52. Open EndedWhat is the main memory? What does it consist of?
- 53. Open EndedWhat are DRAM chips? SRAM chips? What's the difference, and how are they implemented?
- 54. Fill in the BlankSpeedier memory will be closer to the ______. What does this mean about SRAMs and DRAMs?
- 55. Open EndedWhat part of memory is the speed bottleneck?
- 56. Open EndedWhat is caching? Why do we do it?
- 57. Open EndedWhat is the memory hierarchy pyramid? Why do we use this?
- 58. Open EndedWhat is the CPU? What does it consist of?
- 59. Open EndedWhat is the register file?
- 60. Open EndedWhat are the two types of memory locality?
- 61. Open EndedWhat is volatile memory? Non-volatile memory?
- 62. Open EndedWhat is Amdahl's Law?
- 63. Open EndedWhat is the ALU?
- 64. Open EndedWhat are some examples of operations the CPU might carry out at the request of an instruction?
- 65. Open EndedLet's say I have the executable hello which prints hello world to the screen, and I run it by typing the name of the executable into the shell and then press enter. How does this work given a system's hardware organization?
- 66. Open EndedThe modern meaning of the term computer architecture covers three aspects of computer design:
- 67. Open EndedHow do you compile into assembly?
- 68. Open EndedAny processor you work with will have registers. How many and their names will change depending upon the ___?
- 69. Open Ended32-bit systems work with ___ byte words, and 64-bit systems work with ___ byte words.
- 70. Open EndedWhat are registers?
- 71. Open EndedWhat are addresses?
- 72. Open EndedWhat are the two types of ISAs?
- 73. Open EndedHow do you access the various parts of the rax, rbx, rcx, and rdx registers?
- 74. Open EndedWe can use *any* of the x86 registers in our programs except:
- 75. Open EndedWhat are all of the general purpose registers?
- 76. Open EndedWhat is special about rsp and rbp? What is rsp used for? rbp?
- 77. Open EndedWhen are the values of rsp and rbp set?
- 78. Open EndedWhat order are words stored on an Intel chip (what we're using)? ___ endian
- 79. Open EndedWhat condition codes are of concern to us?
- 80. Open EndedWhen is ZF set? SF? OF? CF?
- 81. Open EndedCan the ALU tell if an operation is signed or unsigned?
- 82. Open EndedWhich syntax are we learning for x86, AT&T or Intel?
- 83. Open EndedWhat are the 4 suffixes for opcodes?
- 84. Open EndedWhat happens if you omit the suffix when calling an operand?
- 85. Open EndedWhat is the RFLAGS register?
- 86. Open EndedDo aggregate types exist in x86-64?
- 87. Fill in the BlankWhat does the mov instruction do? When using mov, the ____, _____, and ____ all must match. What does movq %rax, %rbx do?
- 88. Open EndedWhen do you use a % in x86-64?
- 89. Open EndedWhat are the 3 operand types?
- 90. Open EndedCan you do memory-memory transfer with a single mov instruction?
- 91. Open EndedWhat are two memory addressing modes using mov?
- 92. Open EndedWhat is the size of a memory address on stdlinux? As a result, what is the only suffix should we use when working with addresses? What size registers should we be using when calculating addresses?
- 93. Open EndedAre any of these valid instructions? movb (%rax),%al movl (%ecx),%eax movq (%ecx),%rax
- 94. Open EndedWhat is the complete memory address mode? When is this form seen?
- 95. Open EndedWhat does movb 24(%rax,%rcx,4), %dl do? Why does this work?
- 96. Open EndedIf %rdx holds 0xf000 and %rcx holds 0x0100, what does the expression 0x80(,%rdx,2) yield?
- 97. Open Endedwhere is 8(,%rdx, 2)? (rdx holds 5)
- 98. Open EndedWhat if we want to compute an address, but not necessarily access that address just yet?
- 99. Open EndedDoes leaq affect condition codes?
- 100. Open EndedHow is leaq used?
- 101. Open EndedHow do you set a file name of an assembly language source code file?
- 102. Open EndedWhat does .section do? .rodata? .data? .text?
- 103. Open EndedWhat does .globl do? .type? .size?
- 104. Open EndedHow do I declare static class variables in an assembler program?
- 105. Open EndedList all of the two operand arithmetic operations.
- 106. Open EndedWhat are the one operand arithmetic instructions?
- 107. Fill in the BlankThe program stack is divided conceptually into ______. Each procedure/function (main and any functions called from main/another function) has its own part of the stack to use, which is called its ______. The ______ goes from the stack address pointed to by %rbp in that procedure, this is called the ______, to %rsp, which points to the top of the stack while the procedure is running. This implies that the address pointed to by %rbp is different in different procedures: meaning ________.
- 108. Open EndedThe stack grows towards ____.
- 109. Open EndedHow does the push instruction work? What happens if I use a suffix other than q? How does this change for pop?
- 110. Open EndedWhich two suffixes for pop and push are not valid instructions in x86-64?
- 111. Open EndedWhat does popw %ax? pushw %ax do?
- 112. Open EndedHow do you set up the program stack?
- 113. Open EndedWhat does leave do? What is it equivalent to?
- 114. Open EndedWhat does call Dest do?
- 115. Open EndedWhat does ret do?
- 116. Open EndedSystem V ABI says the first ___ integer/pointer arguments are passed in the following registers: What is assumed of these registers?
- 117. Open EndedWhat register is used for return values? What are the callee saved registers? Caller saved?
- 118. Open EndedWhat are callee/caller saved registers? How does a caller saved register work? How does a callee saved register work?
- 119. Open EndedAll functions have to save and restore any of the following registers:
- 120. Open EndedWhat are leaf functions? What registers can they use?
- 121. Open EndedWhen calling a function that allows a variable argument list, what do you do?
- 122. Open EndedWhat happens if you do not set %rax to zero prior to calling printf/scanf?
- 123. Open EndedWhat register holds the location of the runtime stack? Location of current code control point? Status of recent tests?
- 124. Open EndedHow do you explicitly set flags?
- 125. Open EndedWhat two flags cannot be set by testX?
- 126. Open EndedHow do you implement boolean return values (true/false) from commands like x < y, x > y, etc. in assembler?
- 127. Open EndedWhat does movzbq do?
- 128. Open EndedHow do you jump to a different part of code? How do you do a conditional move?
- 129. Open EndedWhat should you always remember about switch cases?
- 130. Open EndedThe terms "____" and "____" are used for comparisons of signed integers and the terms "____" and "____" are used for unsigned integers.
- 131. Open EndedHow are switch statements implemented in assembler?
- 132. Open EndedA label used for jumping can only jump where?
- 133. Open EndedHow do I go from one function to another in assembler?
- 134. Open EndedWhat do the following expressions give? E E[i] &(E[i]) E+i-1 *(E+i-3)
- 135. Open EndedHow do you write the following expressions in X86-64? (assime array is of ints, or 4 byte values) E E[i] &(E[i]) E+i-1 *(E+i-3) Suppose rdx holds starting address of array E & rcx holds integer index i
- 136. Open EndedIf %rdi contains the starting address of an long array Z, and %rsi contains the array index S, then how do I get the value at Z[S]?
- 137. Open Ended$ with a label does what (assembler)?
- 138. Open EndedIf I create three arrays of 5 ints right after each other, where in memory were they allocated?
- 139. Open EndedConsider the following code: static int array[30] int x = array[25] What is the equivalent in assembler, given array is defined in .data?
- 140. Open EndedHow do we create an array on the stack (AKA, with automatic class)? Ex: int data[20], and set the first element to 0.
- 141. Open EndedIf we made an array on the stack, how do we clean up when we're done?
- 142. Open Endedpushq %rbp movq %rsp, %rbp subq $520, %rsp leaq (%rsp), %rbx movl $0x0,(%rbx) What are the different ways the array could have been declared? Which was it?
- 143. Open EndedWhat is special about arrays intialized on the heap?
- 144. Open EndedHow do I implement static char staticArray1[48]; and static int staticArray2[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; in assembler?
- 145. Open EndedWhat is the difference between a conventional and a scaled index?
- 146. Open EndedWhat is row major ordering?
- 147. Open EndedHow many bytes is the following array? long[40][10]
- 148. Open EndedHow do I access a specific nested array element?
- 149. Open EndedWhat is the difference between a multi level array and a nested array?
- 150. Open EndedWhat are the specific cases of alignment for 1, 2, 4, and 8 bytes?
- 151. Open EndedX86-64 hardware will work correctly regardless of the alignment of data. Why do we align data?
- 152. Open EndedIn general, when creating a struct, how should the members be organized?
- 153. Open EndedSigned multiply can have ___ operands while unsigned multiply can have ____.
- 154. Open EndedWhat is linking?
- 155. Open EndedWhat is relocation?
- 156. Open EndedLinking can be done:
- 157. Open EndedHow do we decide how linking can be done?
- 158. Open EndedWhen the linker does linking and relocation, it divides the address space of the executable into:
- 159. Open EndedPrograms are translated and linked using a compiler driver.
- 160. Open EndedWhy use linkers?
- 161. Open EndedWhat can be block scope variables? variables, functions, or both?
- 162. Open EndedFile scope identifiers can be:
- 163. Open EndedBlock scope, *initialized*, non-static C variables are stored where? Block scope, *uninitialized*, non-static C variables are stored where?
- 164. Open EndedBlock scope, *initialized*, static C variables are stored where? Block scope, *uninitialized*, static C variables are stored where?
- 165. Open EndedAre any C identifiers with block scope visible to the linker? What about file scope?
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