Seismologists use a seismograph that detects the intensity of energy waves in the Earth's crust that are produced by this natural disaster.  

When land is covered in more water than it can absorb due to heavy long lasting rain, overflowing bodies of water (rivers, lakes, creeks, etc.), and even snow melting, this is referred to as what?

Meteorologists can usually forecast all of these catastrophic events and warn people.

When tectonic plates transform, this can cause friction or plates rubbing together. This movement can cause the violent shaking of the Earth. Which natural catastrophic event can occur do to this activity?

This catastrophic event is linked to tectonic plate movement, and when it erupts plumes of magma and ash flows out. 

This natural catastrophe is a violently rotating columns of air, extending from the base of a thunderstorm down to the ground, which can happen during a cold front.