If I ask you what is the similarity between a sugar grain and a diamond, maybe you will say that both are lustrous! And what if I ask you the similarity between a diamond and graphite? Graphite is just this piece of black stone used in laboratories… Maybe you’ll think there is no similarity! Is there really no similarity between these two? The answer would surprise you! There is something common between ALL these 3 things!! I am referring to the ELEMENT these three are made up of! I am referring to CARBON! Wait a second… are we saying that the sugar, the radiant diamond, and graphite are all made up of carbon? Absolutely! In fact, diamond and graphite are almost pure forms of carbon. They are made up of majorly carbon with few minuscule elements that come as impurities. But how can there be so much difference in the looks of different materials made up of the SAME element? How can it be possible that the substances made up of the same element carbon appear totally different? And wait, they also have different chemical properties! The looks are different, the chemical properties are different… but they’re made up of the SAME element CARBON. Is this some kind of magic? Well, the magic lies in the element itself! The element carbon has several interesting properties. And that’s what makes it special! It is capable of forming bonds with most of the elements. That is the reason why carbon compounds are quite commonly found everywhere! But did you know that carbon is actually present in very small quantities in the earth’s crust and also in the atmosphere! That’s the irony! In spite of being present in almost every compound around us, carbon accounts for almost less than 1% in the earth’s crust and in the atmosphere. But have you ever wondered what makes carbon so unique? What gives carbon the capability to have so many different properties? Let me give you a hint… can you tell me what are chemical properties of elements based on? Yes! They are mainly based on the atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom. And why is it so? Because the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons in it! Right? And electrons… valence electrons to be precise… are the ones that participate in chemical reactions. So is the number of electrons in the outermost orbital our answer? Absolutely! The chemical properties of an element are based on the number of electrons present in its outermost orbit! We know that the atomic number of carbon is six! That means the electronic configuration of carbon is 2, 4. Now let me ask you a question. Look at the atomic structure of the carbon atom! To achieve stability, will carbon TAKE four electrons or will it DONATE four electrons? Well, the simplest way to achieve the octet state will be by sharing electrons! This gives us the answer to many queries! Yes! The fact that carbon can share its outermost electrons with any other element gives it the capacity to form chemical bonds with various other elements! Now let us meet in the next video wherein we will learn about the covalent type of bond. Then we will move ahead to learn more about the bond formation seen with Carbon.

Carbon, a well-known non-metallic chemical element, is ubiquitous in all life forms and exists in various forms in nature, each with distinct physical properties. Abundantly found in the Earth's crust, carbon is represented by the symbol C and has an atomic number of 6, indicating 6 protons and 6 electrons. It manifests in two primary forms: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline carbon includes diamond, graphite, and fullerene, while amorphous forms encompass coal, coke, and charcoal. Allotropes of carbon, these forms exhibit different physical properties despite sharing the same chemical composition. Crystalline diamond is renowned for its hardness, with each carbon atom forming covalent bonds with four others in a rigid three-dimensional structure. Graphite, on the other hand, features hexagonal rings of carbon atoms arranged in layers, facilitating electrical conductivity due to the presence of free-moving electrons. Fullerene, characterized by a soccer ball-like structure, consists of carbon atoms bonded in both single and double bonds, forming various-sized rings. Diamond boasts a high melting point and poor electrical conductivity, while graphite is softer, greasy, and a good conductor of electricity. Fullerene, identified by its unique structure, is often termed "Bucky balls" due to its resemblance to a soccer ball. Carbon's allotropes showcase its versatility and significance in various applications.

This video is about hydrocarbons, specifically alkanes. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. Carbon can form four strong bonds with other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are any compounds formed from only carbon and hydrogen.

The simplest type of hydrocarbon is an alkane. The first four alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10). Each alkane grows by one carbon and two hydrogens compared to the previous alkane.

Alkanes are a homologous series, meaning they have similar properties and react in similar ways. A general formula can be used to describe the entire series of alkanes. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. For example, propane (C3H8) has three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.

You only need to memorize the first four alkanes, but you can use the general formula to work out the molecular formula of larger alkanes. Octane (C8H18) is an alkane with eight carbon atoms.

Alkanes are saturated compounds, meaning each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds. They do not have any double bonds. If a single bond in an alkane is changed to a double bond, it is no longer classified as an alkane but as an alkene.

This video is about homologous series. The speaker explains the concept in detail and gives examples of alkanes to illustrate the concept.

Homologous series is a series of compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties but different physical properties. The compounds in a homologous series occur in a sequence, with each compound differing from the previous one by a CH2 unit.

In the video, the speaker breaks down the word homologous series into two parts: homo and series. Homo refers to "same" and series refers to a "list". So, a homologous series is a list of compounds that have something in common. In the case of homologous series, the compounds share the same functional group.

The speaker uses alkanes as an example to explain homologous series. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10) are all alkanes. They all have the same functional group (alkane) but different molecular formulas. The difference between the molecular formulas of any two successive alkanes is CH2.

Even though the compounds in a homologous series have the same functional group, their physical properties can vary. For example, boiling point, melting point, and solubility tend to increase as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases. This is because the intermolecular forces between the molecules increase as the chain gets longer.

The speaker concludes the video by saying that homologous series is a concept that is seen in carbon compounds. In the next video, the speaker will talk about isomers, which is another interesting concept related to carbon compounds.

Hello friends, welcome to PNB Coaching Classes. Today, we have an interesting question to discuss: What is the term "hero item" in the context of alcohol functional groups? Let's delve into this concept.

Firstly, let's understand the basics. Consider a compound made of hydrocarbons. Can it still be termed a hydrocarbon if one or more of its hydrogen atoms are replaced by other elements or atoms along the chain? Yes, it can. These elements or atoms, which replace hydrogen in the chain, are termed "hero items".

To simplify, let's take an example. Suppose we have a compound with two carbon atoms. Initially, it had hydrogen atoms attached. Now, if we introduce a functional group by replacing some of the hydrogen atoms, the element or atom that replaces hydrogen becomes the "hero item".

In essence, the "hero item" is the element or atom that replaces hydrogen in a compound's chain when a functional group is introduced. Understanding this concept is crucial, especially when discussing alcohol functional groups.

I hope this explanation clarifies the concept of the "hero item" in alcohol functional groups. If you found this video informative, please consider subscribing to our channel and liking the video. Thank you for watching today.

This video is about Earth's magnetic field. The video explains what it is, where it comes from, and how it changes over time.

The video starts by explaining that Earth itself is a giant magnet. The Earth's magnetic field lines resemble those of a bar magnet, but they are stretched out on the side facing the sun because of the solar wind. The solar wind is a stream of charged particles coming from the sun. Earth's magnetosphere acts as a shield, protecting us from this energetic solar wind.

The source of Earth's magnetism is not fully understood, but most scientists believe it is caused by convection currents within Earth's core. The direction and strength of Earth's magnetic field changes over time.

The video then explains what magnetic poles are and how they move around. A compass needle points vertically up and down at the magnetic poles. These magnetic poles are not fixed at the same location and tend to wander. The video shows a map depicting the location of the northern magnetic pole over the past few centuries. As of 2020, the Earth's magnetic pole in the northern hemisphere is slowly moving on a path from Arctic Canada to northern Siberia.

Magnetic declination is another topic covered in the video. Magnetic field lines along Earth's surface don't always point to the magnetic poles. A magnetic declination map shows how far off a compass reading is from the geographic pole.

The video explains the difference between magnetic poles and geomagnetic poles. A magnetic pole is where a compass points straight up and down. The geomagnetic pole is the average of all the variations found across the planet. The aurora borealis and australis are centered around the geomagnetic poles.

The video also talks about magnetic reversals. Magnetic reversals are when the north and south magnetic poles flip. The most direct evidence of magnetic reversals comes from studying the ocean floors. When molten rock solidifies on the ocean floor, it captures the orientation of the magnetic poles at that time. Studies of these rocks show bands where the magnetic orientation of the minerals is flipped in the same way on opposite sides of the mid-ocean ridge. This allows scientists to date magnetic reversals. The last magnetic reversal is estimated to have occurred about 700,000 years ago.

The video concludes by saying that magnetic reversals have no significant impact on life forms and that the next reversal could happen anytime.