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- 1. Fill in the Blank
If you shake (or vortex) a tube of bacteria to disrupt physical contact, you would interrupt this form of horizontal gene transfer.
- 2. Multiple Choice
Transformation can occur... (select all that are true)
Naturally, with a pilus and channel protein
Naturally, using bacteriophages
Artificially, using calcium chloride
Artificially, using an electric field
- 3. Fill in the Blank
Plasmids can carry genes that increase host fitness, including genes that code for resistance to ____.
- 4. Multiple Choice
What is FALSE about the F-plasmid?
It cannot integrate into the genome of the bacteria
It has an origin of transfer known as oriT
It has a length of about 100 kb (kilobases)
It is involved in bacterial conjugation
- 5. Multiple Choice
Homologous recombination...
Allows genetic exchange between two similar or identical molecules of DNA
Only occurs in bacteria, not in eukaryotes
Restricts (limits) genetic variation and adaptation
Allows genetic exchange between two similar molecules of protein
- 6. Multiple Choice
Natural transformation...
Can be done by most bacteria
Often require pili and a DNA translocase (competence proteins)
Involves a heat shock
Requires high concentrations of Ca2+
- 7. Fill in the Blank
Transduction involves the introduction of exogenous DNA via a ____.
- 8. Multiple Choice
Why does natural or general transduction occur?
Bacteria take up plasmids from their environment
Transposons hop around the genome
Bacterial DNA can be accidentally packaged into a virus
Gene therapy in the clinic allows correction of genetic diseases
- 9. Multiple Choice
Applications of transduction include...
Modifying existing genes in mammalian cells
Adding new genes to mammalian cells
Screening protein interactions through phage display
All of the above
- 10. Multiple Choice
Transposons... (Select all that apply)
Were discovered by Barbara McClintock who researched maize
Only occur in human cells
Are always reverse transcribed
Are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome
- 11. Multiple Choice
What is true about Class 1 transposons?
They are not found in the human genome
They can move by "cut and paste" mechanisms
They can move by "copy and paste" mechanisms
Excision by a transposase is necessary
- 12. Multiple Choice
The function of the pilus during conjugation is...
To bring two cells together
Degrading one of the strands of DNA
Allowing for DNA replication
Creating a nick in the plasmid
- 13. Multiple Choice
What is true about Class 2 transposons?
They compose the majority of the human genome
They can move by "cut and paste" mechanisms
They can move by "copy and paste" mechanisms
Transcription followed by reverse transcription is needed
- 14. Multiple Choice
Contrast specialized with generalized transduction.
Only generalized involves a bacteriophage
Generalized requires the phage to become a dormant prophage integrated into the genome
Specialized involves accidental packaging of degraded bacterial DNA into capsids
Specialized includes accidental excision of genes next to a prophage that reawakens
- 15. Multiple Choice
Hfr strains (high frequency of recombination)...
Are considered F- (lack the fertility factor)
Easily transmit their own chromosomal DNA to bacterial recipient cells
Contain the F plasmid separate from their own genome
Are commonly and easily created during F plasmid transfer
- 16. Fill in the Blank
We use the term 'transformation' to indicate transfer of a plasmid to bacterial cells. ____ indicates plasmid transfer to eukaryotic, especially mammalian cells.
- 17. Multiple Choice
All of the following are tools we use in molecular biology EXCEPT...
Sleeping Beauty transposon system
Plasmids with selectable markers that produce proteins of interest
Transduction of desired genes into mammalian cells using a viral vector
Sobbing after enemy Dva eats your Zarya or Mei ult with her defense matrix
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