The cross section below represents four locations on a mountain. The arrow indicates the prevailing wind direction.

Which location has the warmest and most arid climate?

El Cuy is a South American city located at 40° south latitude. The first day of winter at this location occurs on June 21. During which month would the coldest day of the year most likely occur at this location?

The map below shows a typical position and average velocity of the polar front jet stream during two different seasons.

For the eastern United States, the change of the polar front jet stream from this summer position to this winter position causes

Which soil characteristic allows greater amounts of water retention?

A paved blacktop parking lot was built on what was once a soil-covered field. This area will now experience increased runoff when rain occurs because the paved parking lot has

Which processes of the water cycle return water vapor directly to the atmosphere?

Evidence supports the idea that increases in carbon dioxide and methane in Earth’s atmosphere are major contributors to global warming. This is based primarily on the fact that carbon dioxide and methane are excellent absorbers of

The bedrock of the Adirondack Mountains was formed mainly by the

Which element, found in both biotite mica and muscovite mica, makes up the greatest percent by volume of Earth’s crust?

The inferred temperature and pressure of Earth’s interior at a depth of 3,000 kilometers are approximately

Which agent of erosion most likely formed the drumlins and finger lakes in New York State?

The longest portion of the Genesee River in New York State flows through which landscape region?

A model of Earth’s internal structure is shown below.

Analysis of which type of data led to the development of this model?

What caused the interior of Earth to separate into layers?

Which plate tectonic events occurred as the Iapetus Ocean closed?

Which mineral will scratch fluorite, galena, and pyroxene?

Which radioactive isotope is most often used when determining the age of fossil bones found in sediments deposited during the Holocene Epoch?

The photograph below shows index fossil shells found in bedrock in New York State.

These index fossil shells were most likely found in the surface bedrock of which landscape region?

The weather map below represents a low-pressure system over New York State. The L on the map represents the center of the low-pressure system. Two fronts extend from the center of the low, and are labeled front 1 and front 2. Cloud cover has been omitted from the station models.

The arrows on which map best represent the surface wind pattern around this low-pressure center?

The weather map below, which represents a low-pressure system over New York State. The L on the map represents the center of the low-pressure system. Two fronts extend from the center of the low, and are labeled front 1 and front 2. Cloud cover has been omitted from the station models.

Which map best represents the type of fronts and direction of movement of these fronts in relation to the low-pressure center?

A timeline from the origin of Earth until the present is shown below.

At which letter on the timeline did the Ediacaran fauna exist?

The diagram below represents three identical beakers filled to the same level with spherical beads.

If the packing of the beads within each beaker is the same, which graph best represents the porosity within each beaker?

Which diagram correctly represents the curving of Earth’s ocean currents and prevailing winds due to the Coriolis effect?

A topographic map and an incorrectly constructed profile from point A to point H on the map are shown below.

What mistake was made in the construction of this profile?

The map of the night sky below represents the apparent locations of some of the constellations that are visible to an observer at approximately 40° N latitude at 9 p.m. in April. The point directly above the observer is labeled zenith.

Which map best illustrates the apparent path of Virgo during the next 4 hours?

The map of the night sky below represents the apparent locations of some of the constellations that are visible to an observer at approximately 40° N latitude at 9 p.m. in April. The point directly above the observer is labeled zenith.

Which motion causes the constellation Leo to no longer be visible to an observer at 40° N in October?

An earthquake occurs at 12:02 p.m. A seismic station records the first S-wave at 12:19 p.m. Which set of data shows the approximate arrival time of the first P-wave and the distance to the epicenter?

The cross section below represents a portion of Earth’s crust. Letters A through D are locations within the rock units.

At which location is quartzite most likely found?

The diagram below represents a total solar eclipse as seen from Earth.

Which diagram correctly represents the relative positions of the Sun (S), Earth (E), and the Moon (M) in space during a total solar eclipse? [The diagrams are not drawn to scale.]

The diagram shows the equipment used to determine the factors affecting the rate of erosion in a stream. The data table shows the time it took a 10-gram sample of quartz sand to move 100 centimeters down the rain gutter under various conditions.

In this experiment, the water velocity could be increased by

The diagram shows the equipment used to determine the factors affecting the rate of erosion in a stream. The data table shows the time it took a 10-gram sample of quartz sand to move 100 centimeters down the rain gutter under various conditions.

What is the relationship between the water velocity and the rate of erosion?

The diagrams represent the events that occur when a large meteor, such as the one believed to have caused the extinction of many organisms, impacts Earth’s surface. Diagram A shows the meteor just before impact. Diagram B represents the crater forming, along with the vapor and ejecta (the fragmented rock and dust) thrown into the atmosphere.

Which statement best explains how global climate would most likely be affected after this large meteor impact?

Many meteors are believed to be fragments of celestial objects normally found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These objects are classified as

The diagram represents the Sun’s apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50° N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun’s maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun’s maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank.

Which value should be placed in the data table for the Sun’s maximum altitude on December 21?

The diagram represents the Sun’s apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50° N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun’s maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun’s maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank.

Which graph best represents the relationship between the time of day and the length of a shadow cast by the observer on March 21?

The diagram represents the Sun’s apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50° N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun’s maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun’s maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank.

Which statement best compares the intensity and angle of insolation at noon on March 21 and June 21?

The diagram represents the Sun’s apparent paths as viewed by an observer located at 50° N latitude on June 21 and March 21. The data table shows the Sun’s maximum altitude for the same two dates of the year. The Sun’s maximum altitude for December 21 has been left blank.

Which diagram represents the approximate location of the Sun at 3 p.m. on March 21?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Which table correctly shows the classification of the rock samples based on the amount of weathering during this experiment?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Approximately what percentage of the marble sample remained after the experiment?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Which property of the gneiss sample prevented it from weathering?

What is a possible elevation of point A?

In which general direction does Flint Creek flow?

What is the approximate gradient along the straight dashed line between points X and Y?

The diagram below represents the current locations of two planets, A and B, orbiting a star. Letter X indicates a position in the orbit of planet A. Numbers 1 through 4 indicate positions in the orbit of planet B.

As planet A moves in orbit from its current location to position X, planet B most likely moves in orbit from its current location to position

The diagram below represents the current locations of two planets, A and B, orbiting a star. Letter X indicates a position in the orbit of planet A. Numbers 1 through 4 indicate positions in the orbit of planet B.

If the diagram represents our solar system and planet B is Venus, which planet is represented by planet A?