The range of numbers used in the pH scale is:

Which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, & sulfur?

What are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end-to-end like beads?

What chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfur-type chains are joined together?

Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative & positive electrical charges & are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is:

What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?

Once in the cortex, the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called:

What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

The active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves is:

Alkaline waves, also known as _________, were developed in 1941.

What is the main active ingredient in true acid & acid-balanced waving lotions

Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between:

Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waving solution & speeds up:

_________ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so that there is very little odor associated with their use.

What waving solutions use an ingredient other than ATG, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine,, as the primary reducing agent?

In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first:

Overprocessed hair that is further processed with become _________ & cause further damage, including breakage.

What is the most common neutralizer ?

What perm rods are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area?

_________, also known as circle rods, are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod, & are secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.

The __________ uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the hair strand.

All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into:

__________ refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section & is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.

_________ minimizes stress & tension on the hair.

The two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are:

In a __________, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod.

The _______, also known as straight set wrap, is a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction & are positioned on equal-sized rods.

Base sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits & to blend the flow of the hair, in which wrapping technique?

Chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of:

_________, often found in home haircoloring products, leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls, severe discoloration, or hair breakage.

What is the measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows?

What is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers?

Hydroxide relaxers remove a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond, converting it into a(n):