The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a clustered settlement pattern.

The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a clustered settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and-bounds survey method with a linear settlement pattern.

The first image show a metes-and-bounds survey system with a dispersed settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a linear settlement pattern.

Long lot: nucleated linear settlements with all of the houses arranged along a road or river

Circular rural settlements: a ring of houses that surround a central open space for keeping livestock

Township and range: unit-block field patterns with dispersed farmsteads and occasional villages

Fragmented: land-holdings that allow each farmer a variety of fields dispersed through the community.

Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat.

Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine.

Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate.

Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown byEuropeans were rice and corn.

Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of theearly colonial populations.

Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe.

Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada

Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world.

Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

The mechanization of agriculture led to increasing numbers of people entering the agricultural workforce and expanding the amount of thread produced by farmers.

The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.

The hybridization of high-yield seeds led to an increase in production of cotton thread from the agricultural sector and more cotton fabric produced by manufacturers.

The genetic engineering of desirable traits in wool-yielding animals led to increased production of wool thread from the agricultural sector and more woolen fabric produced by manufacturers.

Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.

Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred late in the First Agricultural Revolution, increasing farmers' profits.

Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulting in more sustainable livestock production.

Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Third Agricultural Revolution, resulting in a diffusion of agricultural practices to less developed countries.

Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.

Invention of the plow enabled an increase in production during the Green Revolution while protecting the environment and reducing pollution from mechanized farm equipment.

The mechanized farm equipment shown in image 2 is solely responsible for the improved yields of the Green Revolution over yields produced by the draft animal and plow shown in image 1.

The method used to tend the crop in image 2 is more labor intensive than the method used to tend the crop in image 1.

Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

Excess production of grain products for which there is no market

Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages

Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures

Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries.

The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries.

The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries.

Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries.

Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries.

Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed

countries.

Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land.

Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product.

Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops.

Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown.

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of subsistence farming. The only people who consume fresh lettuce are those who live near the production regions illustrated on the map.

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming, but lettuce cannot be transported long distances because it is highly perishable.

Lettuce production is limited to colder environments. Lettuce has a tendency to wilt if it is cultivated in warm climates.

Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products.

Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow.

Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets.

Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space.

Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production.

Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer.

Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers.

Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year.

Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub- Saharan Africa.

Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets.

Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family- owned farms.

Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations.

Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government- subsidized agricultural products.

Practice A represents intensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and can afford higher land costs found closer to the market.

Practice B represents extensive land use, requires a less distant parcel of land, and needs to be close to the market for cheaper transportation.

Practice B represents perishable products, requires barns and stables, and needs to be close to the farmer's residence.

Practice B represents intensive land, requires large amounts of laborers, and can afford higher land costs closer to the market.

The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town.

Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities.

Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Dairy cows are small in numbers compared to beef cattle and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size.

Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.

Dairy cows are more expensive and should be kept close to farmers to prevent theft compared to less expensive beef cattle that can be kept in remote pastures.

Beef cattle are small in numbers compared to dairy cows and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size.

While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export.

Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export.

Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products.

The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes.

The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use.

The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity.

The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico.

Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low.

United States and Mexican producers rely on each other’s market to sell certain beef products.

The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products.

The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas.

The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher.

The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase.

There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass.

Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur.

Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage.

Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats.

Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production.

Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality.

A governmental trade program in which one country serves as the sole producer of a product in a region, and another country agrees to purchase that good under a contract that sets as a fixed price for the goods sold

A system that allows subsistence farmers to use slash-and-burn methods to increase acreage for the permanent production of export products at higher prices signified by special rain forest product labeling

A program that subsidizes tropical plantation owners to expand the production and processing of export crops by using low-paid migrant workers, with the intent of raising investment from more developed countries

A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions

Image 1 shows beef production in developed countries, and Image 2 shows beef production in developing countries.

Image 2 shows beef production in developing countries, and Image 1 shows beef production in developed countries.

Image 1 shows more efficient beef production that results in higher yields able to feed more people compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.

Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.

The decreased use of pesticides and herbicides reduced the pollution of land and waterways.

The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population.

The reliance on genetically modified crops, which only wealthier farmers could afford, decreased.

The increased use of machinery preserved traditional farming methods and cultures.

In more developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks.

In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks.

In more developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks.

In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

Places where subsistence farming is still practiced tend to have few women working in agriculture.

The Green Revolution enabled most women to stop working in subsistence agriculture.

There is little agriculture in the Western Hemisphere, and few women are employed in commercial agriculture.

Countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture.

Females and males share food production and consumption tasks equally in more developed countries.

Large-scale food service industries have reduced the labor burden of cooking for females in less developed countries.

Males carry out most food production and consumption tasks in more developed countries.

Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.