Netherlands-Belgium

India-Pakistan

USA-Canada

Romania-Ukraine

North Korea-South Korea

Federal states

Autonomous republics

Multistate nations

Nation-states

Colonial territories

demarcated

delimited

defined

demarcated

delimited

defined

demarcated

delimited

defined

French language and culture act as a centripetal force throughout Canada as the majority of Canadians have English as a first language and the government uses both languages in official communications.

As an expression of political power, the Canadian federal government restricts French language and culture from media and government proceedings.

French language and culture act as centripetal forces and unify all of Canada’s people and government into a single nation.

French language and culture act as a centrifugal force in Canada because independence movements in Quebec have attempted to secede the province from Canada.

Because French Canadians are spread across the country’s provinces, the Canadian government implemented federal laws to create a common culture and language for all Canadians.

Eastern Europe

Western Europe

Siberia

South America

Southern Africa

Decolonization

Pan-Africanism

Neocolonialism

Imperialism

Antecedent, based on tribal cultural boundaries that existed before European colonization

Subsequent, with smaller buffer states placed between larger states to prevent political conflicts

Consequent, accounting for local differences in language and religion during European colonization

Natural, with irregular lines, accounting for regional physical features such as mountains or water bodies

Geometric, with straight lines, disregarding physical features or tribal cultural differences of the areas

an open border

a demilitarized zone

a relic boundary

an antecedent boundary

a geometric boundary

establish economic free trade zones within the sovereign territory of other states

claim national economic jurisdiction over 200 nautical miles of water extending from its coast

limit importation of competitive goods and services from other countries

protect domestic production by imposing tariffs on all foreign-made products

A centralized government and strong centripetal forces

A fragmented land area and a single ethnic group

A small land area and high population density

A compact shape and a primate city

A large land area and multiple ethnic groups

Stronger states and transnational corporations indirectly control weaker states.

A state has a strong central government with no power given to regions.

A collection of independent communities shares government services.

A state’s more powerful central government shares power with its regions.

A sense of unity, often derived from ethnic or cultural traits, binds a country together.

Korea

Japan

Germany

Ireland

Homogeneous ethnic population

Strong central government

Variation of language within the country

Shift to tertiary economy

Concentrated ownership of media

State

Special Administrative Region

Nation

Country