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- 1. Multiple Choice
Which of the following elements of the cultural landscape are shown in the images?
Spanish conquistadores’ fortifications, architecture, and forestry
Classical Roman fortifications, infrastructure, and art
Buddhist monasteries, gardens, and religious text
Moorish Islamic art, architecture, and script
Portuguese universities, design, and gardens
- 2. Multiple Choice
Based on the images shown, which of the following best explains the process of diffusion in relation to the religious history of Spain?
Southern Spain was once under Muslim control, as indicated by the Islamic architecture of the palace in the images.
The dome of the palace is evidence of Roman Catholicism, which diffused to Spain through Granada during Italy's rule of the port city.
The script shown on the building diffused to Spain through Protestant missionaries from Rome who traveled to Spain in the early 1700s.
The adobe building material indicates the diffusion of Buddhism from China to Granada along early trade routes.
The opaque patterns on the stained glass windows are evidence of the diffusion of Russian Orthodox architecture, which was brought to Granada during the early sixteenth century by Christian missionaries.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements identifies a cultural trait evident in the photograph?
The temple reflects the types of food and housing traditionally found in rural Chinese landscapes.
The people in the area around the temple primarily speak Malay and Arabic
The temple reflects typical Buddhist architecture
Planners use geographic information systems (GIS) to optimize land use in the city.
Buddhism is the majority religion of Singaporeans
- 4. Multiple Choice
The photograph was taken in Singapore. Which of the following statements best describes how the buildings shown in the photograph represent the culture of Singapore?
The Buddhist temple is a modern structure that represents the recent expansion of Buddhism into Southeast Asia.
The skyscrapers in the image represent the importance of economic success over religious expression in Singapore.
The Buddhist temple and skyscrapers represent the effects of sequent occupance on Singapore's cultural landscape
The Buddhist temple represents the value of traditional religion in the culture of modern Singapore.
The skyscrapers symbolize the traditional culture of Singapore as an ancient trade port.
- 5. Multiple Choice
The event shown in the image is best explained as
a combination of traditional, indigenous, and European beliefs in Mexico
the development of new Internet-based pop culture in the United States
indigenous American beliefs that have diffused into Spain
a recent Halloween costume trend in rural regions of the United States
a traditional funeral procession practiced in Mexican cities
- 6. Multiple Choice
The costumes of the people in the procession are the result of synthesis between religion and ethnicity that
preserves a single old tradition and perpetuates colonialism
creates new cultural forms and contributes to a sense of place
shows a process of assimilation and the loss of culture
are signs of centripetal forces that promote patriotism
are indicators of centrifugal forces that can lead to conflict
- 7. Multiple Choice
The map shown was published in the United States in the early twentieth century. The title of the map is an example of
assimilation
cultural relativism
acculturation
cultural diffusion
ethnocentrism
- 8. Multiple Choice
Using information from the image, which of the following can be described as identifiable signs and symbols of a Chinese cultural landscape in San Francisco?
The United States flag and the Taiwanese flag
The straight streets and the highly ornamental buildings
Signage in English and signage in Chinese
Cars lining city streets and seafood in restaurants
Chinese-language signs and Chinese lamps
- 9. Multiple Choice
The image shows the Old City of Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the spatial pattern in the cultural landscape?
The image shows distinctive cultural areas that represent the five world religions that are practiced in close proximity to one another in the Old City.
The skyscrapers shown in the image represent a secular landscape that indicates how modern Jerusalem has become.
The image shows dispersed residential areas, implying that Jerusalem is very densely populated.
The image shows defensive characteristics of the walled section of the city that remain active today.
The image indicates that Muslim and Jewish citizens live in close proximity to each other.
- 10. Multiple Choice
Which of the following best explains the use of two languages in this United States highway sign?
The highway sign is part of a countrywide educational program for language learning.
The highway sign alerts drivers as they near an international border crossing station.
The highway sign symbolizes strong political differences within regions of the country.
The highway sign is a marketing effort of the state's travel and tourism office.
The highway sign is a representation of the state's multilingual ethnic cultural heritage.
- 11. Multiple Choice
Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths?
Assimilation
Expansion diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Agglomeration
- 12. Multiple Choice
A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as
stimulus diffusion
hierarchical diffusion
relocation diffusion
independent invention
distance decay
- 13. Multiple Choice
The image shown was taken in Ketchikan, Alaska. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated by the image?
Through the process of migration, people from Texas and New York brought their cultures to Alaska.
Through the process of diffusion, ethnic cuisines may change the cultural landscape in locations far from their hearths.
Through the process of ethnocentrism, American culture has spread throughout the world.
Through the process of uniculturalism, multiple types of foods are blended together into one cuisine.
Through the process of population growth, small villages in Alaska are rapidly expanding and becoming multicultural urban areas.
- 14. Multiple Choice
Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food?
Relocation diffusion
Contagious diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
Expansion diffusion
- 15. Multiple Choice
Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern?
The French language originated in west-central Africa and diffused to Europe
Muslims brought the French language into Africa from France.
Slaves freed from France in the late 1800s relocated to the region that is now Niger and the Central African Republic.
France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.
French diffused hierarchically into the largest cities of Africa after the Second World War.
- 16. Multiple Choice
The Arabic word sawahili means “a language of the coast.” Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa?
German colonizers needed a language that would unite all the people in their colonies.
Traders from around the world used the countries of coastal Africa to spread not just goods, but also various languages.
As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.
British colonizers found Swahili easy to use and encouraged its use in Africa and in Great Britain.
As religious teachers spread Islam through Africa, many people adopted words from the Quran into the local languages, creating a new lingua franca.
- 17. Multiple Choice
Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia’s population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?
Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority.
In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed.
Ethiopia is too far from Rome for the Roman Catholic Church to be dominant.
Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.
Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia.
- 18. Multiple Choice
When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome?
The immigrant group will aggressively maintain their native language and prevent it from changing in order to preserve their culture.
The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.
The immigrant group will quickly abandon their language and adopt the new language in order to achieve economic success.
The two groups will immediately create a pidgin, or trade language, in order to communicate.
The languages of the two groups will converge and blend into one new language.
- 19. Multiple Choice
A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example?
Relocation and stimulus
Stimulus and hierarchical
Hierarchical and relocation
Hierarchical and contagious
Contagious and relocation
- 20. Multiple Choice
Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion?
Cultural convergence
Cultural divergence
Creolization
Syncretism
Space-time compression
- 21. Multiple Choice
Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide?
Islamic architecture is highly localized and determined by the influences of local art and architecture.
Islamic architecture worldwide is uniform and unaffected by local cultural and architectural influences.
Islamic architectural styles spread through hierarchical diffusion, resulting in new architectural styles used in large cities which later diffuse to medium- and smaller-sized cities.
Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.
Islamic architectural styles spread through contagious diffusion, resulting in mosques in adjacent areas have the similar architectural features.
- 22. Multiple Choice
Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government?
Sponsored refugees brought to a city far from their point of entry
New immigrants relying on friends and family for chain migration
Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves
The division of land based on traditional land survey systems
Historical preservation of religious structures
- 23. Multiple Choice
Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region?
The region has a large population where many people identify as secular.
The region has a small population where many people follow an ethnic religious tradition.
The region's government is actively suppressing religious expression.
The region's government has declared an official religion.
The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.
- 24. Multiple Choice
Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term?
Assimilation
Syncretism
Diffusion
Appropriation
Convergence
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