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- 1. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following would be an example of paracrine signaling in animals?neurotransmitter acetylcholinehormone epinephrineneurotransmitter norepinephrinegrowth factor
- 2. Multiple ChoiceA signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is aligandsecond messengerprotein kinasereceptor protein
- 3. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a G protein?specific type of membrane-receptor proteinprotein on the cytoplasmic side of a membranemembrane-bound enzymerelay protein
- 4. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?cAMPG Proteinprotein kinaseprotein phosphatase
- 5. Multiple ChoiceWhat do second messengers do?transport a signal through the lipid bilayerrelay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cellrelay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasmdampen the message
- 6. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a function of the second messenger IP3?bind to and activate protein kinase Aactivate transcription factorsconvert ATP to cAMPbind to and open ligand-gated channels
- 7. Multiple ChoiceSignal amplification is most often achieved byan enzyme cascadebinding of multiple signalsbranching pathwaysaction of adenylyl cyclase
- 8. Multiple ChoiceWhat does a protein kinase do?removes phosphatestransfers phosphates from ATP to proteinsactivates an enzyme
- 9. Multiple ChoiceWhat does a protein phosphatase do?removes phosphatestransfers phosphates from ATP to proteinsactivates an enzyme with a signal molecule
- 10. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a phosphorylation cascade?travelling of hormones through the airtravelling of hormones through the bloodthe removal of a phosphatea series of molecules that get phosphorylated
- 11. Multiple ChoiceWhat determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?phosphorylation cascadecAMPsignal receptorsphosphatase
- 12. Multiple ChoiceDo plant cells communicate using hormones?yesno
- 13. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following converts cAMP to AMP?phosphodiesteraseprotein phosphataseGTPase
- 14. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?hormonelocal regulatorendocrine cell
- 15. Multiple Choice
In cell signaling, how is the flow of specific ions
regulated?
Opening and closing of ligand-gated channels
Transduction
Cytoskeleton rearrangement
Endocytosis
- 16. Multiple Choice
Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to:
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane.
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell.
relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.
amplify the message by phosphorylating proteins.
- 17. Multiple Choice
In cell signaling, how is the flow of specific ions
regulated?
Opening and closing of ligand-gated channels
Transduction
Cytoskeleton rearrangement
Endocytosis
- 18. Multiple Choice
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
cAMP
G proteins
phosphodiesterase
protein kinase
- 19. Multiple Choice
What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?
They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.
They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
They could divide but never reach full size.
They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
- 20. Multiple ChoiceThe 3 steps of signal transduction in order arereception, transduction, responseresponse, transduction, receptionreception, response, transductiontransduction, reception, response
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