These type of criminals as classified by Lombroso inherited physical problems that impelled them into a life of crime.

According to Lombroso, these are the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development, before they became fully human.

The concept of defining a certain phenomenon using specific factors that have contributed the variation of its consequence.

In studying criminals, he integrated Comte’s positivism, Darwin Evolution and other pioneering studies of the relation of crime to the body.

The following are the main proponents of the positivist school of thought in Criminology, EXCEPT;

Philosophically Lombroso changed the concept of free will with ______.

What is the tool used in determinism in finding out how it affect or causes a certain phenomena?

He emphasized the multiple causes of crime, including environmental causes that were not biologically determined.

He pioneered of the case-study approach to criminology.

He used the measurements of the physical features of prison inmates and concluded that criminal behavior correlated with specific bodily characteristics, particularly cranial, skeletal, and neurological malformations.

The most significant contribution of positivism to the Criminology profession.

The branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces.

The founder of Sociology, who started the application of the modern methods of physical sciences in the social sciences.

The positivist believed that human behavior is a function of____.

He argued that “there could be no real knowledge of social phenomena unless it was based on a positivist approach.”

He argued that, criminal behavior is a normal part of all societies and that no society, can ever have complete uniformity of moral consciousness.

Durkheim who is also credited as having contributed to the field of criminology believed that the criminal as an acceptable human being and one of the prices that a society pays for________.

Durkheim argued that industrial societies are effective at producing EFFECTIVE CONTROLS to the behavior of individuals. What does he meant as a requirement to the effective control for human behavior.

Durkheim claimed that industrial societies differ from nonindustrial ones. Individuals in industrial societies are more likely to exhibit what he called Anomie. What he mean by ANOMIE?

A type of criminal according to Lombroso, who is not a criminal from birth but later become one as a product of some changes in the brain which causes defects on his ability to distinguish right from wrong.

Ferri, partly agreed with the biological determinant as basis for criminal behavior but he strongly believed on the importance of some factor that explains why people commit crimes.

Garofalo in studying lombroso’s theory of atavistic stigmata, he found insufficient to explained criminal behavior, which he linked criminal behavior not to physical features but on the moral anomalies. What he mean by the term MORAL ANOMALIES

Why Enrico Ferri insisted that criminals should be held morally liable for the crimes they committed ?

According to Ferri, what the society needs in order to protect itself from criminals acts?

To summed up the assumptions of the positivist thinkers, crimes is caused by multiple factors. The following are the factors the cited caused crimes, EXCEPT;

It emphasizes that human beings live in a social groups and that those groups and the social structure created influence behavior.

Claimed that criminal behavior is determined by an individuals social environment and reject the notion of born criminal.

It claimed that crime is a product of an abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes with the personality.

It believed that criminals are anatomically, physiologically and genetically different from non-criminals.

These theory focuses on an individual as the primary unit of analysis.

It argued that the caused of crime is biological inferiority.

A systematic study on the causes of crime in society.

It argued that an offender commits a wrongful act not because of his own free will but due to the influence of some external super power called demon‘ or devil‘.

Crime and criminals are evidence of the fact that the individual was possessed by devil or demon.

An ancient manner of trial in criminal cases.

It assumed that most people were capable of rational calculation of gains and costs and that criminality was a choice.

Laws were to be designed and enforced based on that principle.

He argued that the law must apply equally to all, and that punishments for specific crimes should be standardized by legislatures, thus avoiding judicial abuses of power.

He claimed that people are rational beings who exercise free will in making choices.

It argued that punishment should fit the crime in such a way that the pain involved in potential punishment would be greater than any pleasure derived from committing the crime.

In Criminology he is credited in the development of the reformation of the system to more humane and just society.

He presented to the world thru his book entitled" On Crimes and Punishment", a coherent and comprehensive design for an enlightened Criminal Justice System that was to serve the people rather than the monarchy.

Beccaria's main argument relied on the premise that people freely choose what to do and that they (people) are responsible for the consequences of their actions which he called _____.

Beccaria claimed that the crime problem could be traced not to bad people but to __________.

It viewed that people’s behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

In Beccarias assumptions, Laws should be used to maintain