Before Independence, plantations in Malaysia includes ginseng and tea.

Sebelum Kemerdekaan, ladang di Malaysia merangkumi ginseng dan teh.

Rubber and coffee were the main plantations in Malaysia before Independence.

Getah dan kopi merupakan tanaman ladang utama di Malaysia sebelum Kemerdekaan.

Tea and cocoa were the main plantations in Malaysia before Independence.

Teh dan koko merupakan tanaman ladang utama di Malaysia sebelum Kemerdekaan.

Guthrie and Crossfield are some of the pioneers for rubber plantation establishment.

Guthrie dan Crossfield adalah beberapa perintis penubuhan ladang getah.

Harrisons and James Brooke are also some of the pioneers for tea plantation establishment.

Harrisons dan James Brooke adalah beberapa perintis penubuhan ladang teh.

The Malays are common plantations ranging from rice, fruit, ginseng and ginger.

Orang Melayu biasa mengendalikan tanaman ladang yang terdiri daripada padi, buah-buahan, ginseng, dan lengkuas.

The Chinese are common plantations ranging from rice, fruit, ginseng and ginger.

Orang cina biasa mengendalikan tanaman ladang yang terdiri daripada padi, buah-buahan, ginseng, dan lengkuas.

The Indians are common plantations ranging from rice, fruit, ginseng and ginger.

Orang india biasa mengendalikan tanaman ladang yang terdiri daripada padi, buah-buahan, ginseng, dan lengkuas.

The foreigners are common plantations ranging from rice, fruit, ginseng and ginger.

Orang asing biasa mengendalikan tanaman ladang yang terdiri daripada padi, buah-buahan, ginseng, dan lengkuas.

Subsistence crops refers to agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit.

Tanaman sara hidup merujuk kepada tanaman pertanian yang ditanam untuk dijual sebagai keuntungan.

Cash crops refers to agricultural crop that is cultivated to meet the need of themselves and their families or small holdings.

Tanaman tunai merujuk kepada tanaman pertanian yang diusahakan untuk memenuhi keperluan diri dan keluarga mereka atau ladang kecil..

Smallholders changed from cash crops to subsistence crops after Independence.

Pekebun kecil berubah dari tanaman tunai menjadi tanaman sara hidup selepas Kemerdekaan.

Smallholders changed from subsistence crops to cash crops after Independence.

Pekebun kecil berubah dari tanaman sara hidup menjadi tanaman tunai selepas Kemerdekaan.

New Economic Policy (1970-1984) was established to address income disparity between races.

Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1970-1984) dibentuk untuk mengatasi perbezaan pendapatan antara kaum.

New Economic Policy (1970-1984) focused on intensifying and expanding FELDA and FELCRA program.

Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1970-1984) tertumpu pada memperkukuhkan dan memperluas program FELDA dan FELCRA.

FELDA and FELCRA main crops are oil palm, rubber, and tea plantations.

Tanaman utama FELDA dan FELCRA adalah ladang kelapa sawit, getah dan teh.

New Economic Policy (1970-1984) also focuses on providing subsidies for rice productions.

Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1970-1984) juga menumpukan pada pemberian subsidi untuk pengeluaran beras.

RISDA was established to organise rubber smallholding more efficiently.

RISDA ditubuhkan untuk mengatur kebun getah kecil dengan lebih berkesan.

Characteristics of agricultural practices for estates includes highly commercialized crops.

Ciri-ciri amalan pertanian untuk ladang merangkumi tanaman yang sangat dikomersialkan.

Estates are usually poorly managed.

Estet biasanya tidak diurus dengan baik.

Estates are usually efficiently managed.

Estet biasanya diurus dengan baik.

Estates are usually owned by private companies or public land development agencies.

Estet biasanya dimiliki oleh syarikat swasta atau agensi pembangunan tanah awam.

Estates are usually owned by the government.

Estet biasanya dimiliki oleh pihak kerajaan.

Crop types for estates includes rice, fruit, and vegetables.

Jenis tanaman untuk ladang merangkumi padi, buah, dan sayur-sayuran.

Small holders usually cultivate crops that are less commercialized.

Pekebun kecil biasanya mengusahakan tanaman yang kurang dikomersialkan.

Crop types for small holders includes oil palm and cocoa.

Jenis tanaman untuk pekebun kecil termasuk kelapa sawit dan koko.

Crop types for small holders includes coconut and rubber.

Jenis tanaman untuk pekebun kecil termasuk kelapa dan getah.

The average farm size of small holders is around 145 ha.

Purata ukuran ladang pekebun kecil sekitar 145 ha.

FELDA and FELCRA managed a total of 123,000 ha of palm oil.

FELDA dan FELCRA menguruskan sejumlah 123,000 ha minyak sawit.

FELDA and FELCRA managed a total of 1,315,000 ha of rubber.

FELDA dan FELCRA menguruskan sejumlah 1,315,000 ha getah.

FELDA stands for “Federal Land Development Authority".

FELDA bermaksud "Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan".

FELCRA stands for “Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority”.

FELCRA bermaksud "Lembaga Penyatuan dan Pemulihan Tanah Persekutuan".

RISDA stands for “Rubber Industry Smallholders' Development Authority”.

RISDA bermaksud “Pihak Berkuasa Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah”.

Before Independence, plantations in Malaysia includes cocoa and coffee.

Sebelum Kemerdekaan, ladang di Malaysia merangkumi koko dan kopi.

Before Independence, plantations in Malaysia includes tea and rubber.

Sebelum Kemerdekaan, tanaman ladang di Malaysia merangkumi teh dan getah.

New Economic Policy (1970-1984) had greatly influenced the economy of Malaysians after Independence.

Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1970-1984) telah mempengaruhi ekonomi rakyat Malaysia selepas Kemerdekaan.