The rivers are scenic and attract many tourists.

Western Europe’s rivers create political boundaries.

The rivers provide routes for shipping, exporting, and importing goods.

Fishing is the main industry in Western Europe.

high altitude

tundra

humid continental

Mediterranean

marine west coast

coal

gold

iron ore

oil

Small villages disappeared as workers moved to cities.

Increased trade created a merchant class.

Skilled workers formed guilds.

The Catholic Church controlled trade routes.

competition for increased economic power

some nations’ desire to expand territory

the belief in a superior race

a mission to spread the Catholic faith

Goods became cheaper and more plentiful.

Many people left rural areas to work in the cities.

New technology caused unemployment among farmworkers.

The standard of living declined in western nations.

literature, including William Shakespeare’s plays

musical compositions such as those from Bach and Schubert

sports, including baseball and lacrosse

dances such as the samba

The group of European countries shares a government.

Any country willing to eliminate tariffs may become a member.

The major goal is to strengthen trade within Europe.

It controls the economies of member countries.

Islam

Catholicism

Baptist

Judaism

competition from countries with larger economies

a lack of members

an aging population

members with weak economies

The climate in Western Europe is enjoyable.

Western Europe offers an escape from political oppression.

Western Europe has no limits on immigration.

Western Europe’s command economy ensures people will have jobs.

Inflation keeps prices for exports high.

People within the European Union can cross borders freely.

Economic growth remains strong in all member countries.

People can be employed in their own country or in a member country.

zinc

olives

grapes

fish

atoll

alluvial plain

subcontinent

delta

Many people began to use reason and observation in studying the world.

Political thinkers concluded that government is a contract between ordinary people and a ruler.

Religious leaders called for wars to regain Christian control of Jerusalem.

Philosophers sought ways to make society better.

rolling hills

plains

plateaus

mountains

division of the Catholic Church

interest in ancient Greek and Roman writings

invention of a practical printing press

collapse of the eastern Roman Empire

Greeks

Moors

Romans

Vikings

Northern Europe is mostly Protestant and Southern Europe is mostly Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox.

Northern Europe is mostly Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox and Southern Europe is mostly Protestant.

Northern Europe is mostly Protestant and Greek Orthodox and Southern Europe is mostly Roman Catholic.

Northern Europe is mostly Roman Catholic and Southern Europe is mostly Protestant and Greek Orthodox.

education

housing

job placement

health care

Most of Greece’s olive orchards failed.

Three of Iceland’s largest banks failed.

Norway’s whaling industry disappeared.

Spain declared bankruptcy.

use of natural resources

decisions to declare war

release of pollutants

law enforcement and security

war with the United States

the election of Vladimir Putin

the policies of glasnost and perestroika

strikes and reforms in satellite countries

More goods became available soon after the command economy fell.

The average Russian's standard of living changed very little.

The price of goods and services decreased with competition.

Many average Russians were able to own their own businesses.

pressure to join the European Union

labor shortages

lack of modernized industries

no markets for its goods