House districts drawn by independent commissions are immune from challenges by the United States Department of Justice.

Independent commissions significantly reduce the influence of partisan gerrymandering in the redistricting process.

Independent commissions are more likely to create districts where minor parties can be victorious.

Independent commissions are more able to draw legislative districts that comply with the one person, one vote standard.

Because rural districts had fewer people, representation was unevenly distributed; thus, Baker was denied equal protection under the law.

To ensure equal protection under the law, there should be an equal number of rural and urban districts in a state.

There should be redistricting every ten years at the federal level, but the state can choose not to redistrict at the state and local levels.

Congressional redistricting must involve traditionally excluded groups in the process or it violates the equal protection clause.

Declared that racial gerrymandering was a violation of the due process clause.

Stated that the Tenth Amendment exclusively reserves the power to review congressional districts to the states.

Created a one-person, one-vote standard for reviewing congressional districts.

Stated that the Seventeenth Amendment requires regular review of the constitutionality of congressional districts.