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Philosophy, Social Studies
11th -
12thgrade
Philosophy&CT Unit 2 MC Practice
71 questions
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- 1. Multiple Choice
Using Figure 1, identify which is a proposition.
Only A, B, and C.
Each of A, B, C, and D.
Figure 1 as a whole.
Only D.
- 2. Multiple Choice
Using Figure 1, identify which is an argument.
Only A, B, and C.
Each of A, B, C, and D.
Figure 1 as a whole.
Only D.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Using Figure 1, identify which is a premise.
Only A, B, and C.
Each of A, B, C, and D.
Figure 1 as a whole.
Only D.
- 4. Multiple Choice
Using Figure 1, identify which is a conclusion.
Only A, B, and C.
Each of A, B, C, and D.
Figure 1 as a whole.
Only D.
- 5. Multiple ChoiceWhat was Descartes’ standard for knowledge?ThinkingBeliefCertaintyDoubt
- 6. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is modus ponens (affirm by affirming)?If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.If P, then Q, not Q, therefore not P.If P, then Q. If Q, then R. Therefore, if P then R.P or Q. Not P. Therefore Q.
- 7. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is modus tollens (denying the consequent)?If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.If P, then Q, not Q, therefore not P.If P, then Q. If Q, then R. Therefore, if P then R.P or Q. Not P. Therefore Q.
- 8. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is hypothetical syllogism (the chain argument)?If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.If P, then Q, not Q, therefore not P.If P, then Q. If Q, then R. Therefore, if P then R.P or Q. Not P. Therefore Q.
- 9. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is disjunctive syllogism?If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.If P, then Q, not Q, therefore not P.If P, then Q. If Q, then R. Therefore, if P then R.P or Q. Not P. Therefore Q.
- 10. Multiple ChoiceAn argument may be valid but that doesn’t mean it is _______.good.sound.correct.debatable.
- 11. Multiple ChoiceWhat kind of argument is it when the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion?A good one.A deductive argument.An inductive argument.A sound argument.
- 12. Multiple ChoiceWhat kind of argument is it when the premises provide probabilistic support?A solid argument.A debatable argument.A deductive argument.An inductive argument.
- 13. Multiple ChoiceFor inductive arguments, we would say that a strong inductive argument is _______.cogent.clear.valid.invalid.
- 14. Multiple ChoiceWhere do cognitive biases come from?Our likes and dislikes.Our political tastesOur choices in music, art, or people.Mental shortcuts our brain takes.
- 15. Multiple ChoiceMaking a decision based on the outcome of a previous event without any regard to other factors involved is an example of what cognitive bias?Blind-spot biasAnchoring biasOutcome biasConfirmation bias
- 16. Multiple ChoiceRecognizing bias in others but failing to recognize it in yourself is an example of what cognitive bias?Negativity biasConfirmation biasOutcome biasBlind-spot bias
- 17. Multiple ChoiceRelying too heavily on the first piece of information you come across is an example of what cognitive bias?Anchoring biasNegativity biasConformation biasOutcome bias
- 18. Multiple ChoiceListening and trusting only information that confirms your beliefs is an example of what kind of cognitive bias?Outcome biasNegativity biasConfirmation biasBlind-spot bias
- 19. Multiple ChoiceFocusing only on negative events at the expense of positive or neutral events is an example of what kind of cognitive bias?Outcome biasNegativity biasConfirmation BiasBlind-spot bias
- 20. Multiple ChoiceSkipping looking for a second opinion or evidence and just asking one doctor is what fallacy?Appeal to authorityAppeal to false authorityAppeal to forceAppeal to celebrity
- 21. Multiple ChoiceAsking a respected scientist to weigh in on matters of economics is what fallacy?Appeal to authorityAppeal to false authorityAppeal to the peopleAppeal to emotion
- 22. Multiple ChoiceJanice just lost her goldfish and so asks you to give her the benefit of the doubt. What fallacy has she committed?Appeal to forceAppeal to the peopleAppeal to emotionPersonal incredulity
- 23. Multiple ChoiceDave wants you to break into the spooky cabin with him. “Everyone does it,” he claims. What fallacy has he committed?Appeal to forceAppeal to the peopleAd hominemSlippery slope
- 24. Multiple ChoiceIn the race for mayor, Lara says a vote for her opponent will lead to you losing your job. What fallacy has she committed?Appeal to forceHasty generalizationPersonal incredulityFalse dilemma
- 25. Multiple ChoiceWhile watching TV, you see a commercial with your favorite movie star drinking a Pepsi. You decide you now want to go buy a Pepsi. What fallacy have you fallen victim to?Appeal to the peopleFalse causePersonal incredulityAppeal to celebrity
- 26. Multiple ChoiceA shopkeeper suspects you of stealing and asks you to empty your pockets. The first thing you take out is an empty gum wrapper and they immediately shout, “I knew it!” What fallacy has the shopkeeper committed?Appeal to forceFalse equivalenceStraw manHasty generalization
- 27. Multiple ChoiceGrowing up, many children are told to eat their dinner or else they would never grow big and tall. What fallacy is this?Appeal to authorityFalse dilemmaAd hominemAnecdotal
- 28. Multiple ChoiceA major wrong has been committed by the local government and several people go to protest it, waving signs and blocking traffic. “Both sides are just as bad,” rants your uncle. What fallacy has he committed?False dilemmaStraw manFalse equivalenceFalse cause
- 29. Multiple ChoiceYou see someone walking their dog. The dog goes to the bathroom on a lawn but they don’t pick up after their dog. You ask them to clean up after their dog, but they say, “why do you hate dogs?” What fallacy have they committed?Straw manAd hominemSlippery slopFalse equivalence
- 30. Multiple ChoiceWhile debating with a friend on which movie would be better to see, you use the argument that your opinion on movies is better because your friend picks their nose, so we shouldn’t trust them because that’s gross. What fallacy have you committed?Slippery slopeAnecdotalPersonal incredulityAd hominem
- 31. Multiple ChoiceIf you don’t eat breakfast, you’ll slouch in your desk. If you slouch in your desk, you’ll hurt your back. If you hurt your back, you’ll never become President. What fallacy is being committed here?Ad hominemAnecdotalSlippery slopeFalse cause
- 32. Multiple ChoiceWhile in math class, the student next to you says “math makes no sense, it can’t be real so I must not need this.” What fallacy did this student commit?Hasty generalizationFalse causeAnecdotalPersonal incredulity
- 33. Multiple ChoiceYou got a cold two nights ago but last night you stayed up really late and now you are no longer sick, so it must be because you stayed up really late last night. What fallacy is being committed?False causeFalse equivalenceAnecdotalHasty generalization
- 34. Multiple ChoiceYou have a friend who claims that cats like to go to windows and watch sunsets because that is what her cats does. What fallacy has she committed?False causePersonal incredulityAd hominemAnecdotal
- 35. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: the study of principles of correct reasoning.propositionlogicpremiseargument
- 36. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a group of statements including one or more premises and one and only one conclusion.argumentconclusionpremiseproposition
- 37. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a declarative sentence that is either true (denoted either T or 1) or false (denoted either F or 0); a statement.argumentconclusionpremiseproposition
- 38. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a statement in an argument that proves reason or support for the conclusion.argumentconclusionpremiseproposition
- 39. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener.argumentconclusionpremiseproposition
- 40. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: the belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge.validlogicrationalismempiricism
- 41. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician often considered the ”father of modern philosophy.”René DescartesJohn LockeGeorge Berkeleydeductive
- 42. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a process of being skeptical about (doubting) the truth of one’s beliefs.logicsoundnessdeductive resoningCartesian doubt
- 43. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: when the truth of the premises of an argument logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion.invalidsoundvaliddeductive
- 44. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: when the truth of the premises of an argument do not give a good reason for the conclusion.invalidsoundvalidinductive
- 45. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: when an argument is both valid and all of its premises are actually true.deductive reasoninginductive reasoningsoundstrong
- 46. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: the process of reasoning from one or more premises to reach a logically certain conclusion.logicdeductive reasoninginductive reasoningvalid
- 47. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: a type of logical thinking that involves forming generalizations based on specific incidents you’ve experienced, observations you’ve made, or facts you know to be true or false.weakdeductive reasoninginductive reasoninginvalid
- 48. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: the belief in sense-experience as the primary source of knowledge.empiricismrationalismhypothesisdeductive reasoning
- 49. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: (1632-1704) English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.John LockeGeorge BerkeleyDavid HumeImmanuel Kant
- 50. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: (1685-1753) Irish empiricist philosopher best known for his empiricist philosophy that reality consists only of minds and their ideas; everything exists only as it is perceived by the senses.John LockeGeorge BerkeleyDavid HumeImmanuel Kant
- 51. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher who restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses.John LockeGeorge BerkeleyDavid HumeImmanuel Kant
- 52. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: the principle that in explaining a thing no more assumptions should be made than are necessary.deductive reasoninginductive reasoningOckham’s Razorlogic
- 53. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: an error in thinking that is caused by the tendency for the human brain to perceive information through a filter of personal experience and preferences.logical fallacycognitive biasinvalidsense-experience
- 54. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: (1724-1804) German philosopher who said the mind soaked up sensory experiences and turned them into ideas but also that the ordering of experience was governed by inherent biases and constraints.John LockeGeorge BerkeleyDavid HumeImmanuel Kant
- 55. Multiple ChoiceIdentify the term: common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument.logical fallacycognitive biasinvalidsense-experience
- 56. Multiple ChoiceAccording to Descartes, the most responsible thing that a true seeker for the truth can do is to engage in a methodic doubt aboutthose things for which we have good reason to doubt.only those things for which we have no good reason to doubt.inductive or weak arguments.everything, even if the doubt seems unreasonable.
- 57. Multiple ChoiceDescartes argues that we cannot rely on any sense-experience as the basis for knowledge becauseeven in our dreams we experience the same kinds of objects that we experience awake.without sense-experiences, we would not know what words like “doubt” mean.a posteriori propositions depend on sense-experience.we can never know which senses are accurate, so to play it safe we should doubt them all.
- 58. Multiple ChoiceHis proposition cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am) provides Descartes with exactly what he needs, which is what?A rule to distinguish a priori from a posteriori knowledge.Something he cannot doubt on which he can build all his other claims.A way of distinguishing empiricist principles from rationalist ones.The basis for his proof of God.
- 59. Multiple ChoiceDescartes entertains the idea of an evil genius to doubt a priori propositions. Why?A priori statements are known as true or false prior to experience.Descartes views a priori statements as necessary and universal.If there is a possibility that we could even be wrong about a priori statements, everything based on them is questionable.Descartes uses the metaphor to ensure he doesn’t forget about his method of doubt.
- 60. Multiple ChoiceThe purpose of Descartes evil genius metaphor is tomake sure we don’t forget how deceived we are about our senses.show how dream-time and awake-time can be thought of as reality.provide a way to escape our skepticism about reality.raise doubts about even a priori beliefs and reasoning that doesn’t depend on being awake.
- 61. Multiple ChoiceBesides being a good Catholic, why does Descartes first feel he needs to prove God’s existence?He believes that without God, there is no hope of an afterlife.He believes that a perfect God would not allow him to perceive things incorrectly, so he can trust his senses.He thinks that if God is in doubt, so is Descartes himself.He views God as most important, so it is most important to show he exists.
- 62. Multiple ChoiceIn Descartes’ philosophy,things which are real are more important than things that are imaginary.before we can know what exists, we must know what we can know and what knowing means.knowing something to be true comes when we believe something to be true.nothing exists without being known by human beings to exist.
- 63. Multiple ChoiceDescartes’ wax example is meant to show us that the wax is the same substance before and after it is melted, showing howour senses trick us with non-sensible visions.our knowledge of things is based on reason, not sense.without sense, we wouldn’t know whether it was the same before or after being melted.knowing that something is wax is the same as experiencing that it is wax.
- 64. Multiple ChoicePlato and Descartes are both ultimately rationalists, so which of the following would they DISAGREE with?Though our senses may deceive us, it is necessary to use them for true knowledge.Sense experience cannot be trusted to provide true knowledge.Reason alone must be the means for getting knowledge.Knowledge is based ultimately on innate ideas and a priori principles.
- 65. Multiple ChoiceAccording to empiricists, what is the problem with analytic a priori propositions for acquiring knowledge?The world is nothing other than what we experience it to be.Those propositions are concerned with the world as it is, not how we experience it.Any information from them is based on people’s personal experiences.Such propositions are true by definition and don’t describe any facts.
- 66. Multiple ChoiceLocke called the mind a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, because he felt that all knowledge is based oninnate ideasexperienceformal educationlanguage
- 67. Multiple ChoiceWhy does Berkeley critique Locke’s view of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities?He argues that primary qualities exist in the mind of God, whereas secondary qualities exist in our minds.He argues that primary qualities of things are known a posteriori, whereas secondary qualities of things are known a priori.He argues that neither primary nor secondary qualities exist in any mind.He argues that primary qualities depend on minds as much as secondary qualities do.
- 68. Multiple ChoiceBerkeley does argue that we perceive reality, but thatwhat really exists is what we or some other minds perceive.that which really perceives is all that really exists.that which is perceived is that which does the perceiving.we seldom perceive what really exists so when we do we don’t recognize it.
- 69. Multiple ChoiceAccording to Hume, we cannot know or predict that things in the future will happen a certain way becausethe future is different than the past.we have no experience on which to claim the future will resemble the past.only God knows the future.to have an idea of the future, I would have to know my future self.
- 70. Multiple ChoiceAccording to Logical Positivism, only statements that can be tested by experience or are true by definition are meaningful, so beliefs and religious claimsonly tell us how we feel, not what is true.may be true or false, but we cannot know whether our beliefs are justified.are purely logical truths.are hypothetical statements we can test.
- 71. Multiple ChoiceBy combining rationalism and empiricism, Kant says we can explain knowledge assense data which provides us with the content of knowledge and our reason which organizes it.reason which provides us with sense data, organized mentally or physically.analytic a priori truths.a web of constantly changing beliefs.
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