Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

Atomic Number

Mass Number

Element with same number of Protons but a different number of Neutrons.

Element with same number of Neutrons but a different number of Protons.

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A substance formed from a two or more elements held by chemical bonds

A mixture of two or more chemicals which provides a useful outcome

A substance formed from a two or more elements held by chemical bonds

A mixture of elements or compounds which can be physically separated

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Used if the product is an insoluble solid and needs to be separated from a liquid. Uses filter paper

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until crystals form

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until start crystals forming then the heat is removed letting the crystals form while cool. Its then Filtered out

Used if the product is an insoluble solid and needs to be separated from a liquid. Uses filter paper

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until crystals form

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until start crystals forming then the heat is removed letting the crystals form while cool. Its then Filtered out

Used if the product is an insoluble solid and needs to be separated from a liquid. Uses filter paper

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until crystals form

Used if the product is a soluble solid. Its placed in an evaporating basin and heated until start crystals forming then the heat is removed letting the crystals form while cool. Its then Filtered out

Separating out Solutions

Separating out a Mixture of Liquids

Separating out Solutions

Separating out a Mixture of Liquids

Solution is Heated. The part with the lowest boiling point evaporates, gets cooled and Condenses and gets collected.

Mixture of liquids is Heated. They rise through a fractionating column the lowest boiling point is collected, temperature is raised and then the next one is collected.

Solution is Heated. The part with the lowest boiling point evaporates, gets cooled and Condenses and gets collected.

Mixture of liquids is Heated. They rise through a fractionating column the lowest boiling point is collected, temperature is raised and then the next one is collected.

John Dalton published his ideas about atoms. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms, which he imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.

J J Thomson carried out experiments and discovered the electron. He made the plum pudding model of the atom. In this model, the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Ernest Rutherford did the alpha scattering experiment through which he discovered that the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre and the nucleus is positively charged. He called it the nuclear model.

Niels Bohr did calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus.

James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called neutrons.

John Dalton published his ideas about atoms. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms, which he imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.

J J Thomson carried out experiments and discovered the electron. He made the plum pudding model of the atom. In this model, the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Ernest Rutherford did the alpha scattering experiment through which he discovered that the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre and the nucleus is positively charged. He called it the nuclear model.

Niels Bohr did calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus.

James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called neutrons.

John Dalton published his ideas about atoms. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms, which he imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.

J J Thomson carried out experiments and discovered the electron. He made the plum pudding model of the atom. In this model, the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Ernest Rutherford did the alpha scattering experiment through which he discovered that the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre and the nucleus is positively charged. He called it the nuclear model.

Niels Bohr did calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus.

James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called neutrons.

John Dalton published his ideas about atoms. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms, which he imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.

J J Thomson carried out experiments and discovered the electron. He made the plum pudding model of the atom. In this model, the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Ernest Rutherford did the alpha scattering experiment through which he discovered that the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre and the nucleus is positively charged. He called it the nuclear model.

Niels Bohr did calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus.

James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called neutrons.

John Dalton published his ideas about atoms. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms, which he imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.

J J Thomson carried out experiments and discovered the electron. He made the plum pudding model of the atom. In this model, the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Ernest Rutherford did the alpha scattering experiment through which he discovered that the mass of an atom is concentrated at its centre and the nucleus is positively charged. He called it the nuclear model.

Niels Bohr did calculations that led him to suggest that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are at certain distances from the nucleus.

James Chadwick found evidence for the existence of particles in the nucleus with mass but no charge. These particles are called neutrons.

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Positive Ions

Negative Ions

Strong

Malleable

Conductive

Brittle

More Reactive

Lower Melting/Boiling Point

Higher relative atomic mass

Less Reactive

Higher Melting/Boiling Point

More Reactive

Lower Melting/Boiling Point

Higher relative atomic mass

Less Reactive

Higher Melting/Boiling Point

Vigorous Reaction to produce Hydrogen Gas and a Metal Hydroxide

Vigorous Reaction when Heated to form Metal Chloride Salts

Reacts to form a Metal Oxide

Vigorous Reaction to produce Hydrogen Gas and a Metal Hydroxide

Vigorous Reaction when Heated to form Metal Chloride Salts

Reacts to form a Metal Oxide

Vigorous Reaction to produce Hydrogen Gas and a Metal Hydroxide

Vigorous Reaction when Heated to form Metal Chloride Salts

Reacts to form a Metal Oxide

Monatonic

Colourless

Non-Flammable

Increases

Decreases

Happens when a Metal and a Non-Metal react together. They form oppositely charged ions and get strongly attracted by electrostatic forces.

Happens when two Non-Metals react together. They share the electrons in their outer shells forming bonds.

Happens when two Metals react together. The electrons in the outer shell are delocalised causing a strong attraction between the positive metal ions and the negative electrons.

Happens when a Metal and a Non-Metal react together. They form oppositely charged ions and get strongly attracted by electrostatic forces.

Happens when two Non-Metals react together. They share the electrons in their outer shells forming bonds.

Happens when two Metals react together. The electrons in the outer shell are delocalised causing a strong attraction between the positive metal ions and the negative electrons.

Happens when a Metal and a Non-Metal react together. They form oppositely charged ions and get strongly attracted by electrostatic forces.

Happens when two Non-Metals react together. They share the electrons in their outer shells forming bonds.

Happens when two Metals react together. The electrons in the outer shell are delocalised causing a strong attraction between the positive metal ions and the negative electrons.

Ionic Compounds have a Giant Ionic Lattice they have Strong Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in the lattice.

Ionic Compounds have a Giant Ionic Lattice they have Strong Magnetic forces between the ions in the lattice.

Each Carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a rigid Covalent structure

Each Carbon atom forms three covalent bonds to create hexagonal layers. Each carbon atom has one delocalised electron

A giant covailant structure of silicon and oxygen

Each Carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a rigid Covalent structure

Each Carbon atom forms three covalent bonds to create hexagonal layers. Each carbon atom has one delocalised electron

A giant covailant structure of silicon and oxygen

Each Carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a rigid Covalent structure

Each Carbon atom forms three covalent bonds to create hexagonal layers. Each carbon atom has one delocalised electron

A giant covailant structure of silicon and oxygen

6.02 x 10^23

6.02 x10^13

ANSWER

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24dm^3

48dm^3

12dm^3

6dm^3

Answer

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concentration = mass of solute / volume of solvent

concentration = moles of solute / volume of solvent

concentration = mass of solute / volume of solvent

concentration = moles of solute / volume of solvent

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RFM of desired products / RFM of all reactants * 100

Mass of product made / maximum theoretical mass of product * 100

RFM of desired products / RFM of all reactants * 100

Mass of product made / maximum theoretical mass of product * 100

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Salt = Base + Water

Answer

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Pink in Acids, Colourless in Alkalies

Pink in Alkalies, Colourless in Acids

Ionise completely in water

Don't ionise completely in water

High Acid Concentration

Low Acid Concentration

Acid + Metal Oxide = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal Hydroxide = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen

Metal + Water = Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

Cathode

Anode

Cathode

Anode

If H+ ions are present and the metal is more reactive than Hydrogen

If H+ ions are present and the metal is less reactive than Hydrogen

If H+ ions are present and the metal is more reactive than Hydrogen

If the metal is less reactive than Hydrogen

If no halide ions are present

If OH- and halide ions are present

If no halide ions are present

If OH- and halide ions are present

Transfers Energy to its surroundings, its shown by a rise in temperature

Takes in Energy from surroundings. Shown by a fall in temperature

Transfers Energy to its surroundings, its shown by a rise in temperature

Takes in Energy from surroundings. Shown by a fall in temperature

This is an Energy Transfer Practical

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2 Different Electrodes

Electrolyte

Wire

Acid

Salts

The bigger the difference in reactivity between the electrodes the higher the voltage of the cell

The smaller the difference in reactivity between the electrodes the higher the voltage of the cell

Its an irreversible reaction where the reactants get used up

The reaction can be reversed by connecting it to an external electric current

Its an irreversible reaction where the reactants get used up

The reaction can be reversed by connecting it to an external electric current

They burn the fuel

The fuel reacts with oxygen

Potassium hydroxide

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Potassium hydroxide

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Potassium hydroxide

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Potassium hydroxide

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen