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- 1. Multiple Choice
In 1897, Theodor Herzl founded a movement to create a state for Jews partially because of extreme anti-Semitism in Europe. This movement was called the
Odessa Movement.
Leningrad Movement.
Zionist Movement.
Lost Tribes Movement.
- 2. Multiple Choice
The Ottoman General who led the successful defense of the Gallipoli Peninsula during World War I and as Turkey's first president steered Turkey to become a secular, Western-style state was
Saddham Hussein.
Hussein ibn Ali.
Faisal ibn Hussein.
Mustafa Kemal.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Most scholars argue that the first genocide of the 20th century was committed by the Ottoman Turks against _________________ during World War I.
Hashemites
Armenian Christians
Wahhabis
Mamluks
- 4. Multiple Choice
Why did the Arab leader of western Arabia named Hussein ibn Ali lead a rebellion against his Ottoman Turk overlords in the Sinai, Syria, and Palestine during World War I?
The British promised Arabs the creation of a large Arab state in the Middle East that Hussein believed would include Palestine.
The British promised Hussein control of Afghanistan.
The British promised Hussein control of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan.
The British promised Hussein control of Egypt.
- 5. Multiple Choice
The 1923 treaty through which major European powers sanctioned ethnic cleansing by allowing ethnic Greeks to be moved from Turkey to Greece and ethnic Turks to be moved from Greece to Turkey was the
Treaty of Versailles.
Treaty of Sevres.
Treaty of Lausanne.
Treaty of Paris.
- 6. Multiple Choice
What was the significance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to the history of the Middle East in the twentieth century?
The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Kurds in Palestine.
The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Arabs in Palestine.
The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Uzbeks in Palestine.
The British pledged their support for the creation of a "national home" for Jews in Palestine.
- 7. Multiple Choice
The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916
guaranteed British passage through the Bosporus Strait during World War I.
was a secret plan developed by the British and French to partition the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
was a secret plan developed by the British and French to invade Germany in 1917.
was a secret plan developed by the British and French to invade Austria-Hungary in 1917.
- 8. Multiple Choice
The Treaty of Sevres (1920) negotiated between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies
prevented the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
gave Russia control of most of the Ottoman Empire's lands in the Middle East.
required the Ottoman Empire to renounce control over its non-Turkish provinces.
established Turkey and declared it a mandate of the United States.
- 9. Multiple Choice
All of the following were territories assigned by the League of Nations to be part of a British mandate after World War I, except
Palestine.
Transjordan.
Iraq.
Saudi Arabia.
- 10. Multiple Choice
The League of Nations assigned France Syria and Lebanon as mandates after World War I.
True
False
- 11. Multiple Choice
All of the following are true of Britain's imperial relationship with Egypt, except , and removed the last of its forces in 1956 was
It controlled Egypt as a protectorate beginning in 1882.
It granted Egypt limited independence in 1922
It removed the last of its forces from Egypt in 1956.
Egypt is still considered a British Crown Colony.
- 12. Multiple Choice
The first organization that arose in response to the secularization of the Middle East formed in 1928 in Egypt and is called the
Muslim Brotherhood.
Wu Tang Clan.
Hashemites.
Wahhabis.
- 13. Multiple Choice
__________ took control of Iraq in 1979 and heavily shaped the politics of the Middle East until 2003 when the U.S. overthrew his regime?
Hussein ibn Ali
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud
Saddam Hussein
Yasser Arafat.
- 14. Multiple Choice
The dynasty that ruled Iran from 1925 to 1979 and ended when the last Shah of Iran was forced from power was the
Saud Dynasty.
Pahlavi Dynasty.
Duck Dynasty.
Hashemite Dynasty.
- 15. Multiple Choice
All of the following describe the relationship between the U.S. and Iran in the twentieth century, except
The U.S. supported the overthrow of a democratically elected leader named Mohammed Mossadeq in 1953.
The U.S. propped up the Shah of Iran in 1953.
The U.S. provided lots of military and economic aid to the Shah of Iran and trained his secret police.
The U.S. supported the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979.
- 16. Multiple Choice
The leader who inspired the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was
the Ayatollah Khomeini.
Hussein ibn Ali.
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud.
Mohammed Mossadeq.
- 17. Multiple Choice
What happened during the Iranian Revolution that most angered the U.S.?
A U.S. plane was shot down.
Elvis was assassinated in Tehran, Iran's capital.
The U.S. Embassy was taken over and 52 Americans were held hostage for over a year.
A U.S. aircraft carrier was bombed.
- 18. Multiple Choice
The government of Iran from 1979 onward can best be described as a
multiparty democracy.
communist dictatorship.
fundamentalist Islamic state.
social democracy.
- 19. Multiple Choice
The Arab leader who took over most of Arabia by 1925 and became Saudi Arabia's first king in 1932 was
Hussein ibn Ali.
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud.
Mohammed bin Mahfouz
Mohammed Mossadeq.
- 20. Multiple Choice
___________ discovered oil in 1938 allowing it to greatly expand its infrastructure and develop strong ties to the U.S. that persist to the present.
Iran
Iraq
Syria
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
- 21. Multiple Choice
Two Middle Eastern countries that have large populations but little oil are
Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Iraq and Iran.
Turkey and Egypt.
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
- 22. Multiple Choice
Palestinian Arab Muslims accepted the 1947 U.N. Partition Plan that called for dividing Palestine into separate Palestinian and Jewish states.
True
False
- 23. Multiple Choice
A major factor leading to Israeli victory during the 1948 Israeli War of Independence was
British forces fighting for the Israelis.
American troops fighting for the Israelis.
A U.N. peacekeeping mission that allowed for the negotiation of a peace settlement.
Internal divisions among Arab states fighting the Israelis.
- 24. Multiple Choice
U.S. President Harry S. Truman recognized Israel immediately after the Israelis declared independence in May 1948 greatly increasing Israeli's long-term viability.
True
False
- 25. Multiple Choice
___________ was behind most of the wars with Israel from the time Israel declared its independence in 1948 through the early 1970s.
Egypt
Iran
Iraq.
Turkey
- 26. Multiple Choice
All of the following are associated with popular Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, except
He nationalized the Suez Canal.
He got U.S. diplomatic support during the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956.
He opposed the unification of Syria and Egypt into the United Arab Republic (1958 - 1961).
He instigated the disastrous 1967 Six Day War with Israel.
- 27. Multiple Choice
After the 1948 Israeli War of Independence, Israel allowed all Palestinian refugees to return to Israel.
True
False
- 28. Multiple Choice
All of the following were territories gained by Israel because of the Six-Day War, except
the Golan Heights
the Maghreb
the Gaza Strip
the Sinai Peninsula
the West Bank including East Jerusalem.
- 29. Multiple Choice
What umbrella group associated with major acts of terrorism from the 1960s to 1980s originally formed in 1964 to promote the use of violence to gain control of Israel for Palestinians?
The Muslim Brotherhood.
The Hashemites
The Wahhabis
The Palestine Liberation Organization
- 30. Multiple Choice
All of the following are true of Lebanon, except
Many Palestinian refugees fled there during the Israeli War of Independence.
Many Palestinians fled there after the Jordanians drove the PLO's base out of Jordan in 1970.
The great increase in the number of Palestinian Muslim migrants increased tension among the major religious groups in Lebanon.
Despite the efforts of extremists to destabilize Lebanon, it avoided civil war during the period 1975 - 1990.
- 31. Multiple Choice
What happened as a result of U.S. participation in U.N. oversight of the P.L.O's withdrawal from Lebanon in 1983?
The U.S. developed a close diplomatic relationship with Lebanon.
The U.S. developed a close diplomatic relationship with Iran.
241 U.S. military personnel were killed during a truck bombing that occurred at a marine compound.
12 U.S. warplanes were blown up by Palestinian terrorists.
- 32. Multiple Choice
One major consequence of the 1973 Yom Kippur War was an oil embargo against the West that caused long lines at gas stations and skyrocketing gas prices.
True
False
- 33. Multiple Choice
All of the following are of true of the 1978 Camp David Accords, except
They were brokered by the Carter Administration in the U.S.
Egypt formally recognized Israel.
Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
the U.S. gave lots of aid to Egypt in subsequent years to ensure Egypt's compliance.
Israel immediately gave the Palestinians territory to establish their own state.
- 34. Multiple Choice
The term Intifada refers to
terrorist bombings of civilian targets in Western European countries that provided military aid to Israel.
terrorist bombings of government targets in Western European countries that provided military aid to Israel.
violent Palestinian protests that occurred in Israel from 1987 - 1993 and 2000 - 2005 spurred mostly by frustration with the land-for peace process.
the use of modern technology--such as social media--to attract new adherents to Muslim extremist organizations.
- 35. Multiple Choice
Many of the conflicts in the Middle East over the past several decades are the focus of a Middle Eastern "cold war" between
Israel and Lebanon.
Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Turkey and Armenia.
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
- 36. Multiple Choice
The main result of the Oslo Accords signed in 1993 and 1995 was that they
granted limited Palestinian self rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
gave the Palestinians Israeli territory to immediately establish an independent state.
formally stated the Israeli government's refusal to negotiate a land-for-peace agreement with the Palestinians.
announced Israel's plans to greatly expand its nuclear program.
- 37. Multiple Choice
1 million people died during a brutal war between ____________________ that lasted from 1980 - 1988.
Turkey and Armenia
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
Azerbaijan and Tajikistan.
Iran and Iraq.
- 38. Multiple Choice
Saddam Hussein invaded ______________ in 1990 to gain control of its oil. This sparked the Gulf War of 1991 during which a U.S.-led international force drove Hussein's forces from the country.
Turkey
Kuwait
Syria
Israel
- 39. Multiple Choice
What country invaded Afghanistan in 1979 mainly to prop up a leader favorable to its government?
the Soviet Union
France
the U.K.
Australia
- 40. Multiple Choice
The al-Qaeda leader who orchestrated the 9/11 airplane attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001 was
Hussein bin Ali.
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud.
Anwar Sadat.
Osama bin Laden.
- 41. Multiple Choice
The U.S. invaded ____________ in response to the 9/11 attacks to find and punish the individuals responsible for them.
Afghanistan
Iran
Jordan
Syria
- 42. Multiple Choice
The term for the anti-monarchy, pro-democracy protest movement that broke out in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011 and resulted in the peaceful or violent downfall of longtime authoritarian leaders in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt is the
Intifada.
Mujahedeen.
Arab Spring.
Jihad.
- 43. Multiple Choice
The Islamic terrorist group named ____________ took advantage of the disarray following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq to create a state out of portions of Iraq and Syria from 2014 - 2019.
the Huthis.
Boko Haram.
al-Qaeda.
ISIS.
- 44. Multiple Choice
As of March 2024, more than 500,000 people were killed during the brutal Civil War in ___________ that began in March 2011.
Jordan.
Turkey.
Iran.
Syria.
- 45. Multiple Choice
Saudi Arabia provided direct military aid to the government of _____________ during its civil war that began in 2015 against Iran-backed Houthi rebels.
Afghanistan
Jordan
Turkey
Yemen
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