A study was conducted to investigate the role of framing on concern for healthy eating. Each participant (N = 100) was randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the first condition, the participants read an article indicating that obesity is a disease. Participants in the second condition read an article indicating that obesity is the result of personal behaviors and decisions.

Participants were then asked to indicate how important it would be for them to eat a healthy diet. Scores ranged from 1 (not very important) to 9 (very important). The results are presented in the table.

What is the most appropriate conclusion the researchers can draw about the relationship between the variables in the study?

1. A group of researchers compared the effectiveness of massed versus distributed practice in preparing for a memory test. Each of two groups memorized the definitions of 40 vocabulary words.

In group A, there were 30 participants who were all under twenty-five years of age. Participants in group A used the method of distributed practice, studying for 30 minutes on each of four evenings. They were tested on the fifth morning at 7:00 A.M. In group B, there were 30 participants who were all over sixty years of age. Participants in group B used the method of massed practice, studying only from 6:30 P.M. to 8:30 P.M. on the evening before the test. They were tested the next morning at 7:00 A.M.

All participants completed a recall test. The test measured how quickly participants recalled the definitions. The results showed that the mean difference between the distributed practice group and the massed practice group was statistically significant. The researcher provided a list of the names and test scores for each individual participant in a letter to all participants.

In a well designed study, what does it mean to say there is a statistically significant difference between groups?

A psychologist conducted a study at her home during an annual activity of children wearing masks and going door-to-door receiving candy. Some of the children arrived alone, while others arrived in a group. Over the course of the night, the psychologist asked half of the children to remove their masks when they arrived at her door based on whether a coin turned up heads (remove mask) or tails (keep mask) that was flipped as each child arrived. The remaining half kept their masks on. The psychologist told every child to take only one piece of candy. She then went inside the house, leaving the bowl of candy outside. This gave children the opportunity to take additional candy. The psychologist measured the percentage of children who took additional candy. The psychologist's hypotheses were that children would take more candy when they were alone and that children would take more candy when they were masked. The results are shown in the graph; assume all differences are significant.

What was the dependent variable in the study?

A psychologist conducted a study at her home during an annual activity of children wearing masks and going door-to-door receiving candy. Some of the children arrived alone, while others arrived in a group. Over the course of the night, the psychologist asked half of the children to remove their masks when they arrived at her door based on whether a coin turned up heads (remove mask) or tails (keep mask) that was flipped as each child arrived. The remaining half kept their masks on. The psychologist told every child to take only one piece of candy. She then went inside the house, leaving the bowl of candy outside. This gave children the opportunity to take additional candy. The psychologist measured the percentage of children who took additional candy. The psychologist's hypotheses were that children would take more candy when they were alone and that children would take more candy when they were masked. The results are shown in the graph; assume all differences are significant.

Explain why the psychologist cannot generalize her findings to all children.

A psychologist conducted a study at her home during an annual activity of children wearing masks and going door-to-door receiving candy. Some of the children arrived alone, while others arrived in a group. Over the course of the night, the psychologist asked half of the children to remove their masks when they arrived at her door based on whether a coin turned up heads (remove mask) or tails (keep mask) that was flipped as each child arrived. The remaining half kept their masks on. The psychologist told every child to take only one piece of candy. She then went inside the house, leaving the bowl of candy outside. This gave children the opportunity to take additional candy. The psychologist measured the percentage of children who took additional candy. The psychologist's hypotheses were that children would take more candy when they were alone and that children would take more candy when they were masked. The results are shown in the graph; assume all differences are significant.

Which of the following conclusions could the psychologist accurately draw from her data?

A psychologist conducted a study at her home during an annual activity of children wearing masks and going door-to-door receiving candy. Some of the children arrived alone, while others arrived in a group. Over the course of the night, the psychologist asked half of the children to remove their masks when they arrived at her door based on whether a coin turned up heads (remove mask) or tails (keep mask) that was flipped as each child arrived. The remaining half kept their masks on. The psychologist told every child to take only one piece of candy. She then went inside the house, leaving the bowl of candy outside. This gave children the opportunity to take additional candy. The psychologist measured the percentage of children who took additional candy. The psychologist's hypotheses were that children would take more candy when they were alone and that children would take more candy when they were masked. The results are shown in the graph; assume all differences are significant.

Which of the psychologists hypotheses do the data support?

A survey was conducted to determine the state of the physical and psychological health of high school students.

Some of the survey questions related to student stress levels and student absences due to illness. The data on these variables are displayed in the image.

What type of study was this and how do you know?

Researchers conducted a study in which 10 participants went to a laboratory around dinner time. The researcher assigned the youngest 20 participants to be in the "large bowl" group and the oldest 20 participants to be in the "small bowl" group. Participants were told they could take as much pasta as they wanted from a serving bowl in the middle of the table, which was kept at a nearly full level. Participants were encouraged to go back for as many helpings of pasta as they wanted. In order to determine how much food each participant actually ate, the researchers measured the weight of the food that each participant took, as well as the amount that the participants left in their bowls.

The amount of pasta (in grams) each participant ate is shown in the table. The difference between the average pasta taken by the large bowl and small bowl participants was statistically significant. Which of the following can the researchers conclude?

A survey was conducted to determine the state of the physical and psychological health of high school students.

The researchers used questions that from a survey that students took for their health class. The researchers didn't get permission from the students to do this. Some of the survey questions related to student stress levels and student absences due to illness. The data on these variables are displayed in the image.

Which of the following conclusions are appropriate to draw based on the figure above? (Choose all that apply.)

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

Dr. Fakedata took all of his participants from one daycare center. This means that

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

Dr. Fakedata took all of his participants from one daycare center. How does this affect what he can correctly conclude?

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

Dr. Fakedata did not ask for permission from the infants' parents before using them in his study. We would call this

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

How does the fact that Dr. Fakedata did not get parent permission affect the conclusion that he can draw?

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

Let's say that Dr. Fakedata had all the female infants look at the black and white shapes and all the male infants look at the colored shapes to make it easier for himself to keep track of which infants were in which groups. We would call this

Dr. Fakedata did an experiment on infants in which he measured whether infants took longer to look at black and white cards displaying a single shape or cards that displayed a shape in various colors. He used participants from his local daycare center but did not ask for the infants' parents' permission before he did this. He found that infants were faster on average to look at the shapes that were in various colors than the shapes that were in black in white.

Let's say that Dr. Fakedata had all the female infants look at the black and white shapes and all the male infants look at the colored shapes to make it easier for himself to keep track of which infants were in which groups. The fact that he did this would affect the conclusion he could correctly draw in which of the following ways?