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- 1. Multiple Choice
Which of the following elements of the cultural landscape are shown in the images?
Portuguese universities, design, and gardens
Spanish conquistadores’ fortifications, architecture, and forestry
Moorish Islamic art, architecture, and script
Buddhist monasteries, gardens, and religious text
- 2. Multiple Choice
Based on the images shown, which of the following best explains the process of diffusion in relation to the religious history of Spain?
The opaque patterns on the stained glass windows are evidence of the diffusion of Russian Orthodox architecture, which was brought to Granada during the early sixteenth century by Christian missionaries.
Southern Spain was once under Muslim control, as indicated by the Islamic architecture of the palace in the images.
The script shown on the building diffused to Spain through Protestant missionaries from Rome who traveled to Spain in the early 1700s.
The dome of the palace is evidence of Roman Catholicism, which diffused to Spain through Granada during Italy's rule of the port city.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements identifies a cultural trait evident in the photograph?
The temple reflects the types of food and housing traditionally found in rural Chinese landscapes.
Buddhism is the majority religion of Singaporeans.
The temple reflects typical Buddhist architecture.
The people in the area around the temple primarily speak Malay and Arabic.
- 4. Multiple Choice
The photograph was taken in Singapore. Which of the following statements best describes how the buildings shown in the photograph represent the culture of Singapore?
The Buddhist temple represents the value of traditional religion in the culture of modern Singapore.
The skyscrapers in the image represent the importance of economic success over religious expression in Singapore.
The Buddhist temple is a modern structure that represents the recent expansion of Buddhism into Southeast Asia.
The skyscrapers symbolize the traditional culture of Singapore as an ancient trade port.
- 5. Multiple Choice
The map shown was published in the United States in the early twentieth century. The title of the map is an example of
assimilation
acculturation
ethnocentrism
cultural diffusion
- 6. Multiple Choice
Using information from the image, which of the following can be described as identifiable signs and symbols of a Chinese cultural landscape in San Francisco?
The United States flag and the Taiwanese flag
The straight streets and the highly ornamental buildings
Chinese-language signs and Chinese lamps
Cars lining city streets and seafood in restaurants
- 7. Multiple Choice
The image shows the Old City of Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the spatial pattern in the cultural landscape?
The image indicates that Muslim and Jewish citizens live in close proximity to each other.
The image shows distinctive cultural areas that represent the five world religions that are practiced in close proximity to one another in the Old City.
The skyscrapers shown in the image represent a secular landscape that indicates how modern Jerusalem has become.
The image shows dispersed residential areas, implying that Jerusalem is very densely populated.
- 8. Multiple Choice
The event shown in the image is best explained as
the development of new Internet-based pop culture in the United States
a combination of traditional, indigenous, and European beliefs in Mexico
indigenous American beliefs that have diffused into Spain
a recent Halloween costume trend in rural regions of the United States
- 9. Multiple Choice
Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths?
Assimilation
Expansion diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
Relocation diffusion
- 10. Multiple Choice
A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as
stimulus diffusion
relocation diffusion
hierarchical diffusion
independent invention
- 11. Multiple Choice
The image shown was taken in Ketchikan, Alaska. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated by the image?
Through the process of ethnocentrism, American culture has spread throughout the world.
Through the process of uniculturalism, multiple types of foods are blended together into one cuisine.
Through the process of diffusion, ethnic cuisines may change the cultural landscape in locations far from their hearths.
Through the process of population growth, small villages in Alaska are rapidly expanding and becoming multicultural urban areas.
- 12. Multiple Choice
Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food?
Contagious diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
Expansion diffusion
- 13. Multiple Choice
Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern?
Slaves freed from France in the late 1800s relocated to the region that is now Niger and the Central African Republic.
France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.
The French language originated in west-central Africa and diffused to Europe.
Muslims brought the French language into Africa from France.
- 14. Multiple Choice
The Arabic word sawahili means “a language of the coast.” Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa?
As religious teachers spread Islam through Africa, many people adopted words from the Quran into the local languages, creating a new lingua franca.
Traders from around the world used the countries of coastal Africa to spread not just goods, but also various languages.
British colonizers found Swahili easy to use and encouraged its use in Africa and in Great Britain.
As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.
- 15. Multiple Choice
Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia’s population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?
Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia.
In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed
Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.
Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority.
- 16. Multiple Choice
When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome?
The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.
The immigrant group will quickly abandon their language and adopt the new language in order to achieve economic success.
The immigrant group will aggressively maintain their native language and prevent it from changing in order to preserve their culture.
The languages of the two groups will converge and blend into one new language.
- 17. Multiple Choice
A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example?
Contagious and relocation
Hierarchical and contagious
Relocation and stimulus
Stimulus and hierarchical
- 18. Multiple Choice
Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion?
Cultural convergence
Creolization
Space-time compression
Syncretism
- 19. Multiple Choice
Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide?
Islamic architecture is highly localized and determined by the influences of local art and architecture.
Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.
Islamic architectural styles spread through hierarchical diffusion, resulting in new architectural styles used in large cities which later diffuse to medium- and smaller-sized cities.
Islamic architectural styles spread through contagious diffusion, resulting in mosques in adjacent areas have the similar architectural features.
- 20. Multiple Choice
Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government?
Sponsored refugees brought to a city far from their point of entry
Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves
New immigrants relying on friends and family for chain migration
Historical preservation of religious structures
- 21. Multiple Choice
Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region?
The region has a large population where many people identify as secular.
The region has a small population where many people follow an ethnic religious tradition.
The region's government has declared an official religion.
The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.
- 22. Multiple Choice
Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term?
Assimilation
Syncretism
Appropriation
convergence
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