the electromagnetic

radiation left over from the formation of the universe

a substance made up of atoms

of two or more different elements joined by chemical

an organism, cell, or piece of genetic

material that is genetically identical to one from which

it was derived; to make a genetic duplicate

a natural, usually inorganic solid

that has a characteristic chemical composition and an

orderly internal structure

the maintenance of

a constant internal state in a changing environment

a force of attraction between objects

that is due to their masses

a solid whose atoms, ions, or

molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

the color of a mineral in powdered form

multi-colored circular ark

the way in which a mineral reflects light

any material that attracts iron or

materials containing iron

in geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces

the inward

force required to keep a particle or an object moving in

a circular path

the thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle

a method of sending information from place to place between

people or animals

the natural process by which

atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind,

rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and

decompose rocks

the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure

the natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate, and decompose rocks

a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another; a wave can be a single cycle, or it can be a repeating pattern (

the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another

the process in which material is laid down

the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth's crust; the change in response to stress

in geology, the tendency of a mineral

to split along specific planes of weakness to form

smooth, flat surfaces

the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock

the movement of matter due to differences in density; the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second

the standard method used to divide Earth's long natural history into manageable parts

a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of

sediment

the process by new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms when magma rises to Earth's surface at mid-ocean ridges and

solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridge

a rock that forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes

the molten or partially molten rock material containing trapped gases produced under Earth's surface

the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is broken down or melted, and forms again by geologic processes

an interaction of light with matter that causes light to change direction

a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of

sediment

the rising of regions of Earth's crust to higher elevations

the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock's grains

a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid,

outermost part of the mantle

describes matter that allows light to pass through with little interference

the distance traveled divided by the time interval during which the motion occurred

the sinking of regions of Earth's crust to lower elevations

a means of detecting the presence or speed of a moving object with radio waves

a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter

an area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other

a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter

he transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves

a phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency; the sound produced by one object causes the other object to vibrate

in geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces

tress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object

in geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces

the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock

sound waves with frequencies greater than 20,000 hertz (Hz), the upper limit of typical hearing levels in humans, often used for medical purposes

the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock's grains

the composition of an object