Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century.

Christianity entered the Philippines through the ministry of representatives from the Russian Orthodox church.

A secondary hearth for Christianity arose in the Philippines in the twelfth century, and since that time Christianity has remained the dominant religion in the Philippines.

Christianity entered the Philippines through contagious diffusion because of its proximity to Indonesia.

Export-oriented logging companies from Japan brought Christianity to the Philippines during the twentieth century.

Low levels of primary-level education in China

The Indian government’s status as a neutral state in global political affairs

The English language legacy of British colonialism in India

Large amounts of mineral resources found in China used to manufacture goods for export

Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia in the 1800s and 1900s

Cultural ecology

Nonmaterial culture

Environmental determinism

Physical environment

Built environment

Acculturation

Material culture

Assimilation

Cultural trait

Syncretism

Ethnicity

Language

Taboos

Religion

Gender

The increasing popularity of a fashion trend that originates in a large city, such as New York, and spreads to small rural town

The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

The spread of a religion through the migration of adherents of the religion

The increasing popularity of a new band that spends a year touring cities around the world

The spread of new slang that becomes widely used in government-funded schools

The Northeast, because residents are influenced by British Protestantism.

The Southeast, because residents are influenced by traditional religions from West Africa.

The Great Plains, because residents are influenced by Native American traditional religions.

The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

The Northwest, because residents are influenced by Russian Orthodoxy.

The English language is widely used on the Internet.

Social media applications commonly support dozens of different languages.

Many governments censor citizens’ Internet access.

An increasing number of Internet users communicate exclusively through emojis.

The Internet accelerates communication so that people from different cultures can interact quickly and easily.

Relocation diffusion, because the Chinese brought their porcelain to Europe

Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs

Contagious diffusion, because people throughout the world adopted the use of porcelain

Hierarchical diffusion, because only the wealthy could afford porcelain

Expansion diffusion, because the porcelain-making process spread from China to Europe

The schools were intended to promote multiculturalism by introducing European culture to indigenous youth.

Many schools appropriated indigenous culture by using tribal names for sports teams.

The schools represented a traditional cultural trait of many indigenous societies.

The schools were intended to blend indigenous and European cultures through syncretism.

The schools were intended to diffuse Christianity and assimilate indigenous youth into European culture.

The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.

The English language diffused throughout North America through the process of hierarchical diffusion. The language was initially spoken in cities and was gradually adopted by people living in rural areas.

The English language diffused to North America through the process of contagious diffusion. Christian missionaries were responsible for the spread of the language among the indigenous population.

The English language was established as the official language of all of the British colonies in North America. Over time, it diffused throughout the population from the colonial leadership to the population.

The English language became a widely spoken language in North America in the twentieth century. This primarily occurred as a way of unifying the immigrant populations in both the United States and Canada.

Large heterogeneous groups

Indigenous groups

Groups that have little interaction with other groups

Small homogeneous groups

Groups living in isolated areas

China

Brazil

Italy

Mexico

South Africa

The sign indicates that County Cork is a linguistic region of the Republic of Ireland.

The sign delineates an international political border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

The sign promotes the use of a single language in the region.

The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.

The sign represents a uniform cultural identity within the region.

This location is the hearth of the English language, and English is the area's traditional language.

English was the standard language of the Catholic Church and diffused to this location through religious practices.

English was voluntarily adopted in this location as a useful lingua franca.

English came to this location recently via imported popular culture such as movies and music.

The English language was imposed on this location through a process of economic and political domination.

The Internet spreads the use of English as a global lingua franca, but the Internet is also a place where traditional languages can be communicated and thrive.

English is used for business and commerce on the Internet, while traditional languages such as Gaelic can only be heard in poems and music recordings but not written on the Internet.

The Internet is produced only in English; as a result, many traditional languages disappear due to the dominance of English-language communication.

Many countries ban the use of English-language Internet sites in an effort to resist the forces of globalization and protect their traditional languages.

English is being used less outside of the United Kingdom. Speaking a traditional language as a first language has become the norm in former British colonies.

The practice of selling pizza by the slice in America, whereas pizzas in Italy were traditionally sold as whole pies

The addition of hands-free driving features to cars manufactured by companies headquartered throughout the world

The migration of asylum seekers from Syria to Europe

The increasing popularity of Korean pop music around the world because of social media

The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four different languages.

The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.

The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into two different languages.

The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate.

There can be no conclusions drawn about the initial diffusion of the disease based on language.

Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.

Immigrant communities fuse their own religion with the dominant religion in the receiving country to create a syncretic religion.

Ethnic religions do not diffuse past their hearth, so immigrants must adopt a new religion when relocating to a new country.

Immigrants bring their religion with them when they relocate, and their religion quickly spreads to the overwhelming majority of citizens in the receiving country

Immigrants’ original religions disappear as immigrants fully assimilate into their new culture and adopt the dominant religion of the area.

The map shows how French-language movies, music, and literature dominate global entertainment media.

The map shows how France was an ancient-culture hearth from which the French language spread through expansion diffusion.

The map shows how in many areas of the former French empire the language persists despite the independence of former colonies.

The map shows how French civil servants established schools in many parts of the French colonial empire.

The map shows how people’s love of French food has facilitated the spread of the French language to many parts of the world.

English in India

Mandarin in China

French in Canada

Hmong in the United States

Russian in Brazil

Eastern Orthodoxy

Roman Catholicism

Buddhism

Islam

Protestantism

The map shows the distribution of the Amerindian language family, which diffused from its hearth in Canada and spread southward into South America through contagious diffusion and into Europe and Asia through trade and hierarchal diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which diffused from its hearth in China and spread into Europe by contagious diffusion and to the Americas through stimulus diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Uralic language family, which diffused from its hearth in Iceland and spread into northern Europe through contagious diffusion by Norse trading groups.

The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

The map shows the distribution of the Afro-Asiatic language family, which diffused from it hearth in Egypt and spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula and into Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

Social class divisions determined by the Spanish aristocracy are evident in Latin American cities.

Socialist planning resulted in segregation of Mexico City.

Gentrification of the central market area of an urbanized zone led to an increase economic development.

Spanish colonialism influenced architecture of the cultural landscape.

Mass transportation systems were designed to alleviate traffic congestion.

A lack of infrastructure to support a new technology

A change in the price of energy

A jump from contagious to hierarchical diffusion

A transition from stimulus to contagious diffusion

A new form of media to broadcast information

Pidgin languages

Lingua franca

Standard language

Creole language

Official language

A diffused pattern of Swedish ethnicity evenly distributed across the state

A clustered pattern of Swedish ethnicity

A Swedish ethnic majority in the northern half of the state

A Swedish ethnic majority throughout the state

A single remnant area with a high percentage of Swedish ethnicity

Belief systems

Topography

Economics

Gender

Technology

Relocation diffusion

Contagious diffusion

Stimulus diffusion

Distance decay

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Creolized language

Lingua franca

Sino-Tibetan dialect

Language family

Linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo family

Russia

Northern India

Iran

Eastern and Southern Australia

Central Asia

Hierarchical diffusion

Contagious diffusion

Stimulus diffusion

Periodic movement

Relocation diffusion

Stimulus diffusion

Hierarchical diffusion

Assimilation

Acculturation

Relocation diffusion

East Asia

Southwest Asia

Eastern Europe

Western Europe

Africa

modification of Earth’s surface by human actions

integration of behavioral traits within a group

spread of an idea or innovation from its source

relationship between human cultures and their physical environment

assimilation of a minority culture into the host society

Korea

Scandinavia

Caucasus

Argentina

Quebec

Diffusion of popular culture

Adoption of unique folk culture

Impact of high income on clothing habits

Lack of barriers in communist countries

Need for durable clothing

It is the way people landscape their yards in different parts of the world.

It is the way houses of worship are built

It is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment.

It is a shared set of meanings and symbolic practices.

It is the human adaptation to Earth’s physical environment.

Central Asia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Mesopotamia

Central Asia, India, Nile Valley, Southern Europe

Egypt, Mekong Valley, Middle East, Western Africa

Ethiopia, Ghana, Machu Picchu, Mongolia

Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, North China

Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber

Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese

Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Hindi, Bengali

Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukranian

Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

Uneven development

Substate nationalism

Linguistic homogeneity

A fragmented territorial base

A strong tradition of local governance

Coastal wetland

Cloud forest

Stand of mangrove trees

Eroded shoreline

Adobe ruins

Islam

Mormonism

Buddhism

Judaism

Roman Catholicism

It is practiced among a homogeneous group of people in the world.

It is more static than folk culture.

It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places.

It spreads primarily by relocation diffusion.

It promotes regional diversity.