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50 questions
A pilgrim to Varanasi (Benares) in India is most likely to be a
Christian
Jew
Hindu
Buddhist
Muslim
A world map of hog production per capita would reveal the lowest values in which of the following regions?
The United States Midwest
Southeast Asia
Western Europe
The Middle East
China
An ethnic neighborhood is best described as which of the following?
An involuntary community where people with similar values reside
A rural community where people with similar backgrounds are required to live
A voluntary urban community where people of similar origin reside
An area in the inner city where certain groups are forced to live
A city neighborhood that is undergoing population change due to immigration
Cultural landscape can be defined as
the types of art, music, dance, and theater practiced in a particular region
the ways that people in differing cultures perceive the environment
the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans
the diversity of distinctive cultures within a particular geographic area
a particular area within a geographic region dedicated to cultural activities
The state of California, often considered a hearth of environmental laws, will be the first state to ban plastic straws. Which of the following statements best describes the likely spread of this environmental practice?
This practice will likely spread via hierarchical diffusion when the president of the United States signs an executive order banning plastic straws in all states.
This practice will likely spread via social media and stimulus diffusion when other states enact identical laws banning plastic straws.
As regional news organizations report on the ban, this practice will likely spread through contagious diffusion only to western states adjacent to California.
Strong lobbying by the plastics industry will likely curtail the diffusion of the ban, and this practice will be limited to California.
Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.
Which scenario best explains the process of assimilation?
A family immigrates to a new country, settles near others from their homeland, and conducts most of their day-to-day activities within their ethnic neighborhood.
Despite the large number of historic churches in France, many French identify as nonreligious and believe that religion is a private matter.
The island of Mauritius has large populations of Christians, Hindus, and Muslims. The constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination and protects freedom of religion.
The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers.
Hinduism diffused from India to Bali, where it blended with traditional Balinese beliefs to create a form of Hinduism unique to Bali.
Which of the following best explains how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Philippines?
Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century.
Christianity entered the Philippines through the ministry of representatives from the Russian Orthodox church.
A secondary hearth for Christianity arose in the Philippines in the twelfth century, and since that time Christianity has remained the dominant religion in the Philippines.
Christianity entered the Philippines through contagious diffusion because of its proximity to Indonesia.
Export-oriented logging companies from Japan brought Christianity to the Philippines during the twentieth century.
Cities in India have a competitive advantage over cities in China as locations for international consumer services, such as call centers and bill processing. This advantage has its origins in which of the following?
Low levels of primary-level education in China
The Indian government’s status as a neutral state in global political affairs
The English language legacy of British colonialism in India
Large amounts of mineral resources found in China used to manufacture goods for export
Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia in the 1800s and 1900s
Cultural landscape is closest in meaning to which of the following?
Cultural ecology
Nonmaterial culture
Environmental determinism
Physical environment
Built environment
Identify which of the following concepts or processes is symbolized by the pagoda in the image.
Acculturation
Material culture
Assimilation
Cultural trait
Syncretism
Identify the cultural trait that influences the architecture of the cultural landscape shown in the image.
Ethnicity
Language
Taboos
Religion
Gender
Which of the following best exemplifies the diffusion of popular culture throughout the world in contemporary society?
The increasing popularity of a fashion trend that originates in a large city, such as New York, and spreads to small rural town
The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications
The spread of a religion through the migration of adherents of the religion
The increasing popularity of a new band that spends a year touring cities around the world
The spread of new slang that becomes widely used in government-funded schools
Which of the following statements explains the regional location in the United States where the figures shown in the image are most likely part of the cultural landscape?
The Northeast, because residents are influenced by British Protestantism.
The Southeast, because residents are influenced by traditional religions from West Africa.
The Great Plains, because residents are influenced by Native American traditional religions.
The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.
The Northwest, because residents are influenced by Russian Orthodoxy.
Which of the following best explains the Internet’s homogenizing effect on global language patterns?
The English language is widely used on the Internet.
Social media applications commonly support dozens of different languages.
Many governments censor citizens’ Internet access.
An increasing number of Internet users communicate exclusively through emojis.
The Internet accelerates communication so that people from different cultures can interact quickly and easily.
"Chinese porcelain was highly valued in Europe for its beauty, style, and durability. However, imported porcelain from China was very expensive. Crafters in Germany and England developed new methods of making porcelain using feldspar and bone rather than the kaolin that was used in China. This new porcelain was viewed as having similar quality to Chinese porcelain, and the new methods continued to be used in Europe."
This example describes what type of diffusion?
Relocation diffusion, because the Chinese brought their porcelain to Europe
Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs
Contagious diffusion, because people throughout the world adopted the use of porcelain
Hierarchical diffusion, because only the wealthy could afford porcelain
Expansion diffusion, because the porcelain-making process spread from China to Europe
Which of the following best explains the practice of placing indigenous children in boarding schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
The schools were intended to promote multiculturalism by introducing European culture to indigenous youth.
Many schools appropriated indigenous culture by using tribal names for sports teams.
The schools represented a traditional cultural trait of many indigenous societies.
The schools were intended to blend indigenous and European cultures through syncretism.
The schools were intended to diffuse Christianity and assimilate indigenous youth into European culture.
Which of the following statements best explains why English is the most widely spoken language in North America?
The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.
The English language diffused throughout North America through the process of hierarchical diffusion. The language was initially spoken in cities and was gradually adopted by people living in rural areas.
The English language diffused to North America through the process of contagious diffusion. Christian missionaries were responsible for the spread of the language among the indigenous population.
The English language was established as the official language of all of the British colonies in North America. Over time, it diffused throughout the population from the colonial leadership to the population.
The English language became a widely spoken language in North America in the twentieth century. This primarily occurred as a way of unifying the immigrant populations in both the United States and Canada.
In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of
Large heterogeneous groups
Indigenous groups
Groups that have little interaction with other groups
Small homogeneous groups
Groups living in isolated areas
In which of the following countries has the diffusion of Christianity met the most resistance?
China
Brazil
Italy
Mexico
South Africa
The photograph shows a road sign in the Republic of Ireland. Which of the following best describes the sign's significance within the cultural landscape?
The sign indicates that County Cork is a linguistic region of the Republic of Ireland.
The sign delineates an international political border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The sign promotes the use of a single language in the region.
The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.
The sign represents a uniform cultural identity within the region.
Which of the following best explains how the English language diffused to the location shown in the image above?
This location is the hearth of the English language, and English is the area's traditional language.
English was the standard language of the Catholic Church and diffused to this location through religious practices.
English was voluntarily adopted in this location as a useful lingua franca.
English came to this location recently via imported popular culture such as movies and music.
The English language was imposed on this location through a process of economic and political domination.
The sign shown in the image previous includes an Internet address for the county government. Explain how the sign illustrates the cultural tensions between traditional languages and English.
The Internet spreads the use of English as a global lingua franca, but the Internet is also a place where traditional languages can be communicated and thrive.
English is used for business and commerce on the Internet, while traditional languages such as Gaelic can only be heard in poems and music recordings but not written on the Internet.
The Internet is produced only in English; as a result, many traditional languages disappear due to the dominance of English-language communication.
Many countries ban the use of English-language Internet sites in an effort to resist the forces of globalization and protect their traditional languages.
English is being used less outside of the United Kingdom. Speaking a traditional language as a first language has become the norm in former British colonies.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of hierarchical diffusion?
The practice of selling pizza by the slice in America, whereas pizzas in Italy were traditionally sold as whole pies
The addition of hands-free driving features to cars manufactured by companies headquartered throughout the world
The migration of asylum seekers from Syria to Europe
The increasing popularity of Korean pop music around the world because of social media
The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe
If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names of fish, but different names for a certain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused?
The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four different languages.
The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.
The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into two different languages.
The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate.
There can be no conclusions drawn about the initial diffusion of the disease based on language.
Which of the following best explains how immigration affects the cultural landscape of religion?
Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.
Immigrant communities fuse their own religion with the dominant religion in the receiving country to create a syncretic religion.
Ethnic religions do not diffuse past their hearth, so immigrants must adopt a new religion when relocating to a new country.
Immigrants bring their religion with them when they relocate, and their religion quickly spreads to the overwhelming majority of citizens in the receiving country
Immigrants’ original religions disappear as immigrants fully assimilate into their new culture and adopt the dominant religion of the area.
How does the map illustrate global diffusion of the French language from its cultural hearth in Paris?
The map shows how French-language movies, music, and literature dominate global entertainment media.
The map shows how France was an ancient-culture hearth from which the French language spread through expansion diffusion.
The map shows how in many areas of the former French empire the language persists despite the independence of former colonies.
The map shows how French civil servants established schools in many parts of the French colonial empire.
The map shows how people’s love of French food has facilitated the spread of the French language to many parts of the world.
Which of the following language-location pairs best exemplifies the process of relocation diffusion of language in the twentieth century?
English in India
Mandarin in China
French in Canada
Hmong in the United States
Russian in Brazil
The principal religion of Central and South America
Eastern Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism
Buddhism
Islam
Protestantism
The map shows the distribution of the language family that has the largest number of speakers in the world. Which statement correctly identifies the language family shown and the method of diffusion that best explains the pattern?
The map shows the distribution of the Amerindian language family, which diffused from its hearth in Canada and spread southward into South America through contagious diffusion and into Europe and Asia through trade and hierarchal diffusion.
The map shows the distribution of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which diffused from its hearth in China and spread into Europe by contagious diffusion and to the Americas through stimulus diffusion.
The map shows the distribution of the Uralic language family, which diffused from its hearth in Iceland and spread into northern Europe through contagious diffusion by Norse trading groups.
The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.
The map shows the distribution of the Afro-Asiatic language family, which diffused from it hearth in Egypt and spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula and into Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas through colonialism and relocation diffusion.
The image shows a religious structure in Mexico City. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on the image?
Social class divisions determined by the Spanish aristocracy are evident in Latin American cities.
Socialist planning resulted in segregation of Mexico City.
Gentrification of the central market area of an urbanized zone led to an increase economic development.
Spanish colonialism influenced architecture of the cultural landscape.
Mass transportation systems were designed to alleviate traffic congestion.
Sometimes a diffusion process encounters barriers that slow or stop the spread of an innovation. Which of the following is an example of such a barrier?
A lack of infrastructure to support a new technology
A change in the price of energy
A jump from contagious to hierarchical diffusion
A transition from stimulus to contagious diffusion
A new form of media to broadcast information
Swahili in East Africa and English in global commerce are examples of
Pidgin languages
Lingua franca
Standard language
Creole language
Official language
In the late nineteenth century, a large proportion of Swedish immigrants that came to the United States settled in rural areas of Minnesota. Descendants of these communities remain in Minnesota today, as shown on the map. Which of the following best describes the pattern of Swedish-American ethnicity within Minnesota’s cultural landscape?
A diffused pattern of Swedish ethnicity evenly distributed across the state
A clustered pattern of Swedish ethnicity
A Swedish ethnic majority in the northern half of the state
A Swedish ethnic majority throughout the state
A single remnant area with a high percentage of Swedish ethnicity
The alignment of ancient Chinese cities toward the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) best illustrates the importance of which of the following factors in the shaping of these early cities?
Belief systems
Topography
Economics
Gender
Technology
The diffusion pattern of Walmart stores, which have spread from small towns to large cities throughout the United States, is an example of
Relocation diffusion
Contagious diffusion
Stimulus diffusion
Distance decay
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
The Gullah language is spoken in African-American communities of the coastal southeastern United States, particularly in South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida. It is a combination of Elizabethan English and African dialects. One can describe Gullah as a
Creolized language
Lingua franca
Sino-Tibetan dialect
Language family
Linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo family
The Indo-European language family includes the major languages of Europe and those dominant in all the following regions EXCEPT
Russia
Northern India
Iran
Eastern and Southern Australia
Central Asia
The spread of specialty coffee shops across the United States in the 1990s is an example of
Hierarchical diffusion
Contagious diffusion
Stimulus diffusion
Periodic movement
Relocation diffusion
The spread of the use of chopsticks into Southeast Asian countries with the influx of Chinese immigrants is an example of which of the following concepts?
Stimulus diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
Assimilation
Acculturation
Relocation diffusion
The world’s three major monotheistic religions originated in which of the following regions?
East Asia
Southwest Asia
Eastern Europe
Western Europe
Africa
The term “cultural diffusion” refers to the
modification of Earth’s surface by human actions
integration of behavioral traits within a group
spread of an idea or innovation from its source
relationship between human cultures and their physical environment
assimilation of a minority culture into the host society
Which of the following areas has the greatest linguistic fragmentation?
Korea
Scandinavia
Caucasus
Argentina
Quebec
Which of the following best accounts for the universal appeal of blue jeans?
Diffusion of popular culture
Adoption of unique folk culture
Impact of high income on clothing habits
Lack of barriers in communist countries
Need for durable clothing
Which of the following best defines Carl Sauer’s concept of cultural landscape?
It is the way people landscape their yards in different parts of the world.
It is the way houses of worship are built
It is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment.
It is a shared set of meanings and symbolic practices.
It is the human adaptation to Earth’s physical environment.
Which of the following correctly lists the four major ancient culture hearths?
Central Asia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Mesopotamia
Central Asia, India, Nile Valley, Southern Europe
Egypt, Mekong Valley, Middle East, Western Africa
Ethiopia, Ghana, Machu Picchu, Mongolia
Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, North China
Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect?
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Hindi, Bengali
Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukranian
Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern
Which of the following does NOT act as a centrifugal force for a state?
Uneven development
Substate nationalism
Linguistic homogeneity
A fragmented territorial base
A strong tradition of local governance
Which of the following is an example of a cultural landscape?
Coastal wetland
Cloud forest
Stand of mangrove trees
Eroded shoreline
Adobe ruins
Which of the following is an example of an ethnic religion?
Islam
Mormonism
Buddhism
Judaism
Roman Catholicism
Which of the following is true of popular culture?
It is practiced among a homogeneous group of people in the world.
It is more static than folk culture.
It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places.
It spreads primarily by relocation diffusion.
It promotes regional diversity.
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