Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone?

Jason is trying to memorize his lines for the school play while running on a treadmill. Based on what we know about divided attention Jason’s memory for his lines will be _________ than if he had worked on his lines without running.

Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?

Which one of the three levels of processing would probably be employed attempting to memorize the following three letter sequence: WCD WCH WHM?

Retrieval from long term memory is usually BEST when the information has been stored at which level of processing?

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words, you are engaging in ____ encoding.

Which of the following does NOT describe one of the three main processes involved in memory?

The three basic processes in memory are

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later i

The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is

The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

The memory process of storage involves

The process of locating and recovering information from your memory store is

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words, as you read through the list you should

Elaboration involves

Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text and skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. In this case, Hugh is using

Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using

Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a memory test

Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using

When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew was using ____.

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of

Sensory memory

A sensory memory

Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?

If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her

The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a circle of light and not just a "single point" of light is consistent with the functioning of your

The memory system that holds information in storage just long enough to give you additional time to recognize the stimulus is

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to longer for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called

Which of the memory stores can hold the LEAST amount of information?

Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?

You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called

Rehearsal is MOST beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself, MOST likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next ____ or she will forget the number.

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.

The original estimate of the capacity of short-term memory is seven, Cowen proposed a different limit on capacity of ____ items.

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.

The storage capacity of short-term memory can be increased by combining items into larger units called

Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

Greater working memory capacity is usually associated with all of the following EXCEPT

Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car. She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddely's model of working memory, Mia was utilizing

While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the ____ component of working memory.

The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.

The ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions is handled by the ____ component of working memory.

Graham has selected four different universities that he might like to attend, and now he is trying to decide which of the four he should apply to. He has all the material spread out in front of him, and he is carefully considering all the advantages and disadvantages associated with each campus. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Graham is utilizing

Baddeley's concept of working memory

Working memory capacity ______ with age.

Long-term memory

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is

The memory system that is like a giant storehouse that never quite fills up is the

Flashbulb memories are recalled _____ accurately than other memories

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event that is abstracted from previous experience with the object or event is a

A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games, had cake and ice cream, and got goodie bags." In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake. Christine's inaccurate memory MOST likely resulted from

Information that is inconsistent with a schema is _____likely to be remembered.

You witness a car accident. Later when recalling the incident you remember seeing broken glass even though there was none. This misinformation effect occurs because of the influence of ______ on memory.

A semantic network

Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as

The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word, such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of other words, such as "apples and oranges."

The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as

According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words should be linked MOST closely?

The memory for an item of knowledge is represented by a specific pattern of activation in the

Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called

Connectionist models of memory are based on

Another term for the connectionist model of memory is the model of memory.

If you try to remember something but cannot, yet know the information is in memory, you are experiencing the

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be BEST described as an instance of

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon refers to

Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as "Who was president after Richard Nixon?", but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as "He has the same name as a type of car." The hint serves as a

The work of researchers like Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is BEST viewed as

Which stage(s) of memory is(are) BEST characterized as a "reconstruction of the past?"

In the Marsh and Tversky (2004) study, what percentage of "retellings" were inaccurate?

Research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an accident or crime scene

When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information, it is referred to as the

Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Tyler's faulty recall illustrates

The failure to seek out disconfirming evidence can often lead to:

Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

The process of making inferences about the origins of memories is referred to as

During a party, Michael was talking to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. Michael attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when actually he heard it from his roommate. This example illustrates which of the following phenomena?

If you incorrectly recall your psychology professor as saying "Psychology is a poor choice for a college major," when in reality it was really your philosophy professor who made the statement, you would be making a

Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same joke last week. In this example, Gregory

The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?

Ebbinghaus' research suggested that memory for meaningless information is forgotten

The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that MOST forgetting occurs

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting?

The measure of retention that requires individuals to reproduce information on their own without any cues is

A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.

An essay exam is most similar to the ____ method of measuring retention.