those that have established a reputation for being trustworthy and accurate

a source that is a step removed from the original accounts of an event or experience

presenting another author’s words or ideas as one’s own without credit

restatement of something that has been read or heard, retaining the intended meaning of the original while using different words than the author

in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair

a technique that an author or speaker uses to influence or persuade an audience

an intentional and extreme exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect

a method of persuasion that is designed to create an emotional response in the audience by connecting to their values, needs, and feelings

oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

language not intended to be taken literally but that is layered with meaning using imagery, metaphors, and other literary devices

words, terms, or phrases that have strong emotional overtones or connotations and are meant to influence and appeal to an audience by evoking negative or positive emotional reactions that extend beyond the literal meaning of word or phrase

exaggeration beyond what data can support; emotionally loaded language to skew, dismiss, or overemphasize the findings of the data; or attempts to categorize something without considering nuance, the source is likely not presenting the facts accurately.