92 questions
What company is using a corporate strategy of differentiation?
A company sells in volume and offers discounts to its best customers.
The finished product is sold at a lower price than that of the competition.
A company develops a product that is uniquely easy to use and charges a premium price.
A company orders large quantities of parts to get the greatest discount.
Which conditions encourage a higher retention rate for adult learners?
Observing someone demonstrating a new skill
Practicing what they have learned
Reviewing and visualizing key concepts
Listening to the experience of others
A review of the organization’s cash flow statement shows that cash outflow has increased over the previous year. Which action should HR take in response to this metric?
Reduce hiring levels immediately.
Delay any resource-intensive projects.
Plan for a reduction in force (RIF).
Accelerate plans to purchase new equipment
How can data analytics be used to improve employee recruitment and retention?
Predicting employee preferences and aligning HR practices accordingly
Communicating benefits of employment consistently
Protecting employee data against internal and external security breaches
Tracking and creating reports on compliance with procedures
Which should be the first step in solving an organization's problems with a sharp increase in back orders of shipments?
Developing a soft skills training program
Institution a job rotation program
Performing a process analysis
Recruiting additional skilled employees
After conducting a reference background check, HR discovers that a leading candidate misrepresented dates of previous employment both on the resume and the job application. What is the most probable outcome of learning this information?
Check criminal records for felonies or misdemeanors.
Conduct a credit history check with a consumer reporting agency.
Ask for references about the employee's professionalism.
Do not extend an offer of employment.
An organization conducts a pay survey and finds that some of its key employees are underpaid. They want to raise the pay for these employees but are concerned about adding to their salary burden. Which of the following is their BEST option?
Incentive pay
Step-rate adjustments linked to performance
Market-based increases
Cost-of-living adjustments
What should the HR consultant do to determine the true cause of the turnover as soon as possible?
Continue discussions with the CFO.
Privately speak to the family that owns the company.
Talk with the executive staff.
Further analyze exit interview information.
What solution should the HR consultant suggest to improve training for new hires?
Provide operations trailing on equipment to improve skills.
Keep the same orientation program but assign a mentor for a new hire’s first two weeks on the job.
Evaluate and enhance the company's orientation and onboarding program.
Offer a management training program.
What is the essential concept behind the stakeholder theory?
An organization affects and is affected by complex interests.
True value must be determined by the increase in a firm's net worth.
Organizations must see employees as partners rather than foes.
All stakeholders must receive value for a firm to be considered socially responsible.
What action reflects the requirements of due process in a disciplinary process?
Ensuring that disciplined employees have a chance to defend themselves
Offering multiple chances for reforming problematic behaviors or performance
Requiring formal legal review before action is taken
Complying with union contract requirements for handling grievances
What type of strike occurs without the approval of union leadership?
Jurisdictional strikes
Wildcat strikes
Sympathy strikes
Economic strikes
A company is experiencing high turnover of female engineers. Which initiative should the company support in its effort to improve retention rates?
Support an affinity group.
Conduct a culture survey.
Increase recruiting of female engineers.
Increase compensation for female engineers.
Which of the following is a compensable factor?
Benefits
Seniority
Exempt Status
Skills
What is an example of implicit culture?
Language
Food
Communication Styles
Values
How can an organization that is experiencing high turnover minimize the learning curve for new employees?
Encourage networking with members of their respective professional organizations.
Require new employees to interview coworkers and managers.
Assign new employees to special project teams.
Immediately provide appropriate access to the organization’s information library.
Based on the upstream/downstream metaphor for resolving the standardization/localization dilemma, which of the following activities is more likely to be driven by the global corporation?
Goal setting
Appraisal methods
Mentoring development programs
Compensation and benefits
Which is the best first step the VP of HR should take to address the differences in opinion and concerns on the salary increase budget?
Conducting a quantitative analysis that would model risks, costs, and benefits in order to develop scenarios and a recommendation on the optimal solution
Meeting with the global functional leaders and the country leaders to discuss each side’s point of view until a consensus is reached
Recommending that, as a fair compromise for all stakeholders, the budget be 25%, which is midway between 18% and 30%
Contacting the corporate attorney for an opinion on the unionization risk in this country if the budget is significantly lower than the rate of inflation
Which is the best step that the VP of HR should take at this point in time?
Sharing with the COO the analysis and recommendations to garner support before the rest of the leadership team hears them
Meeting with all key stakeholders individually, in advance of a group meeting in order to socialize the recommendations and gather support
Having the country HR director review and provide input on the recommendations before presenting them to the rest of the leadership team
Implementing the best recommendation immediately before employees hear about the increases and begin the process of unionization
Which action should the country HR director recommend country leaders take that would proactively support a union avoidance strategy?
Instilling a culture of trust and teaming between employees and management
Tracking employee engagement scores and looking for and addressing the issues as they arise
Ensuring that managers are trained to implicitly communicate the negative impact of unions
Conducting a communications campaign to remind employees of the growth-stifling impact of unions
What policy encourages employees to speak to management first regarding suggestions, concerns, or complaints?
Formal steps
Open door
Equal opportunity
Free speech
HR generalists, who may be located within divisions or other locales, implement policies, adapt them as needed, and interact with employees. Which type of HR structure is this?
Dedicated
Centralized
Functional
Decentralized
An organizational effectiveness and development (OED) initiative focuses on several departments that are expanding or facing future challenges. What type of OED intervention is this?
Individual
Team
Organizational
Local
An organization is in the process of updating its compensation system and has started the task of evaluating jobs and grouping those with similar duties together. Which documents would be most useful for this purpose?
Questionnaires
Job specifications
Performance objectives
Job descriptions
Over five years, an employee has been promoted from Scientist I to Scientist III and then laterally moved to the operations department as Engineer III, a position more routine than previous jobs. The employee performed well in previous positions but is clearly performing poorly in the current one. What action should the employee's manager consider?
Relocation
Transfer
Suspension
Demotion
A manager leaves an organization to follow a transferred spouse. Which recruiting practice would be readily accessible to current employees and help the employer pinpoint and identify qualified internal candidates for the open job?
Job bidding
Job posting
Temporary agencies
Interns
A risk scorecard provides a weighted number for each event or threat and the probability of that threat occurring. Which other factors are needed to complete a threat ranking index?
Risk level, impact, and the probability of event occurrence
Risk category, classification, and reporting requirements
Speed of onset, exiting mitigation , and severity of impact
Known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns
What is the best way to address a high volume of annual staffing fluctuations and the need to onboard new employees quickly?
Seasonal workers
Temp-to-hire programs
Flextime scheduling
Job sharing
What is the dominant characteristic of a learning organization?
Failures viewed as opportunities to make change
Quick and effective benchmarking of performance against competitors
Reliance on internal experience and institutional wisdom
Importance of gathering and using feedback from stakeholders
Senior management at a company has determined that it must speed up the production of its most popular product. Doing so will involve changing some of the company's production processes. Why should HR conduct employee focus groups before a project plan is finalized?
To present management's case that there is a need for dramatic change
To encourage employees to ask questions and express their reactions
To influence those opposed to the tentative plan through peer pressure
To present the plan orally before management communicates it in writing
Which leader behavior illustrated the concept of social intelligence?
Checking the group continually for visible signs of reactions
Behaving the same way in meetings with senior management and staff
Being honest and candid, even if it may offend some in the group
Recognizing which individuals in the organization hold more influence
Which of the following is the best move to socialize the eastern office into the new compensation program?
Propose that the average compensation rate in the organization be the base line for the eastern office's new compensation rate.
Suggest that upper management meet with the eastern office about the need to align their compensation with the centralized model.
Research the maximum proportion of total salary that bonuses should account for by industry.
Conduct a market analysis of compensation rates in the eastern region for comparison to the eastern office rate.
What is the best way for the HR director to respond to other organizations poaching their employees?
Execute on the company's vision to be an employer of choice by creating a document summarizing all of the benefits of working in the organization.
Reevaluate contracts and discuss legal remedies with legal experts.
Conduct a compensation analysis to benchmark against the market, implementing appropriate responses to further the company's mission to be an employer of choice (e.g., retention bonuses, adjustment to compensation policy).
Hold a meeting with top-level executives to discuss the need to increase salaries to remain competitive.
What is the best way to handle the confusion regarding changes to the compensation model?
Create a presentation that can be used by HR managers across the organization to communicate changes in compensation and bonuses.
Encourage senior leadership to make a public effort to promote the new compensation model.
Meet with managers at all regional offices to develop a strategy to announce the new compensation model.
Send a comprehensive e-mail to the staff about the new compensation model.
As it relates to diversity and inclusion, what is the phenomenon of covering?
Maintaining good documentation
Keeping complaints confidential
Promoting cultural inclusion
Promoting cultural assimilation
HR has analyzed the organization’s strategy and has identified that it can contribute by:
-Developing alternative staffing strategies to provide more flexibility to meet shifts in production demands.
-Providing easier access to HR services, including consultation with functional leaders.
-Applying technology to increase efficiency and capture data.
-Making sure that future leaders will be available across functions, throughout the organization.
Which tool will help the HR leader with evaluating the effectiveness of these HR activities?
Balanced scorecard
SWOT analysis
Workforce analysis
Strategic assessment
An organization plans to compete with highly trained employees with unique skill sets. What activities should be a primary HR focus?
Recruiting and organizational effectiveness
Performance management and training efforts
Annual turnover and employee engagement
Employee retention and succession planning
Which of the following determines the relative worth of each job in an organization?
Job specification
Job study
Job evaluation
Job analysis
How is sustainability viewed in the first stage of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) maturity curve?
It is an issue of compliance and the cost of doing business.
It provides a key strategic and competitive advantage.
It is a source of improved organizational effectiveness.
It is a way to transform the organization's culture.
A retail chain’s business model requires the handling of cash and credit/debit cards by a large number ofcashiers who do not typically stay for long with the employer. What action reflects the appropriate priority for this risk?
Build possible losses into profit margins.
Monitor losses and credit issues quarterly.
Raise cashier salaries.
Implement immediate technical controls.
What first step should HR take when assessing a recent trend that shows an increase in telecommuting in the industry?
Determine the percentage of organizations that currently offer a telecommuting option.
Develop a business case to support the option to telecommute and create a pilot program.
Review current functions to determine which are conductive to a flexible work arrangement.
Identify a potential executive sponsor to work with on the research and implementation.
An HR manager is planning to outsource the creation of the employee newsletter, which has long been created by several HR staff with input from departments. What possible negative outcome should the manager consider?
Increased cost of outsourcing
Loss of control over strategic activity
Staff motivation and attitude
Loss of control over project schedule
A benefits manager is looking for a creative program to assist employees with retirement planning. If cost is a strong factor in the decision, which is the best choice the benefits manager should consider?
To save money, provide only government-mandated retirement programs.
Offer a defined benefit plan based on a vesting schedule.
Invite employees to the benefits office to discuss retirement options.
Pay out retirement benefits in one lump-sum payment.
What is the difference between career planning and career management?
Career planning focuses on the organization's needs; career management focuses on the employee's needs.
Career planning focuses on developing a career path; career management focuses on individual skill assessment.
Career planning responsibility lies with the individual; career management responsibility lies with the organization.
There is no difference between career planning and career management.
Which action should an organization take to help prevent retaliation against its employees?
Check in on employees who have made complaints
Investigate all complaints made to the hotline.
Participate in alternative dispute resolution activities.
Hire legal counsel that specializes in employment law.
What is one of the disadvantages of implementing multiple smaller systems (sometimes known as "best of breed") to support multiple HR functions?
This does not necessarily offer the best solution in each functional area.
This solution could pose difficulties in integrating data across applications.
It offers minimal customization options for the departments involved.
This strategy can reduce the complexity of vendor management, because there is one vendor.
Which approach is most effective for the HR manager to use to resolve his disagreement with the vice president of sales?
Elevate his concerns about the extra job duties and modified compensation system to the senior vice president of the division and the vice president of HR.
Suggest that HR conduct several focus groups and exit interviews to find out why employees are leaving the company and if they are dissatisfied with their jobs.
Suggest that the department hire several low-cost interns to carry out basic job duties (e.g., photocopying), thereby removing some of the workload from the sales team and allowing them to focus on sales.
Suggest to the employees that they visit the VP’s office as a group and share their concerns.
Which approach best enables the HR manager to evaluate the effectiveness of the new compensation system to increase sales?
Conduct a survey that asks about employees’ satisfaction with the new compensation system and whether or not they believe it is effective for increasing sales
Conduct a benchmark comparison of compensation systems against those of marketplace competitors.
Recommend waiting to measure effectiveness for at least one sales cycle to determine if sales have increased.
Review existing research and literature on best practices to see if similar changes in other organizations have been effective.
What benefit is served by analyzing an organization's value chain?
Identification of functions that do not contribute to revenues
Development of key performance indicators and objectives
Streamlining of inefficient business processes
Appreciation of relationships between contributors to value
Which of the following statements best describes cultural determinism?
Actions should vary based on the situation
The culture made me do it.
Judgmental characterizations are helpful.
It shows a limited world view.
An organization or its chief executive officer adopts a risk position based upon which factors?
Employees' risk awareness and resiliency
Risk appetite and risk tolerance
Government and community in which it operates
Shareholders' expectations and earnings potential
What budgeting method is based on how much it costs to perform different enterprise activities and allocates funding according to the strategic significance of the activities?
Formula
Activity-based
Zero-based
Incremental
What should a human resource professional do to prepare global assignees for their international assignments?
Discuss country-specific risks.
Train assignees to avoid potential personal security issues and how to deal with issues if they do occur.
Encourage assignees to keep up with current events, particularly those that relate to political and social unrest, so that they become immediately aware of increased risk to their personal security.
Remind assignees to register with the appropriate embassy in the host country. Deemphasize personal security issues to minimize anxiety about the assignment.
Salespeople are polled to determine their top training needs. The majority say they want to be able to identify key decision makers and their needs. What learning activity would work best for this?
Case studies
Lecture
Demonstration
Role plays
Which of the following activities is MOST likely to protect sensitive corporate data?
Allowing data transfer to mobile devices
Backing up data off site
Requiring polygraph testing
Encrypting employee computers and network communications
In an organizations with a multicultural workforce, which measure designed to minimize the need for discipline may be hindered by a high power distance culture?
Making consistent decisions on work rules
Setting clear expectations for employees
Establishing a climate of communication
Applying the headquarters code to global operations
Dissatisfaction among clerical staff is high, as measured by turnover and mistake rates. Exit interviews indicate boredom as a primary reason for leaving. What strategy would be MOST successful in addressing this problem?
Expanding the tasks to be performed
Increasing the complexity of the job
Transferring an employee to another department
Increasing the number of people performing the job
Which test is used to ensure due process when disciplining an employee?
Providing an attorney for the employee
Issuing discipline in a consistent and predictable manner
Basing the decision on personal feelings
Identifying consequences at the time of the discipline
A business operates in an industry characterized by a high level of competition. The sales function is evaluated on its ability to build market share. What service could HR provide to the sales function?
Needs analysis of sales force knowledge and skill gaps
Development of executive compensation plan
Research into effective sales techniques
Consultation on sales force incentive compensatio design
Which step might an organization take to retain a multigenerational workforce?
Establish targets for the promotion of women and minorities.
Offer a diversity and inclusion workshop on an annual basis.
Develop a mission statement emphasizing the value of diversity.
Offer employees a broad range of customized benefits.
What would be the BEST way for a new global HR vice president to understand the perspective of the communities in which the organization operates?
Require local HR managers to develop contacts and programs with local groups and report results and observations.
Include questions about community interests in annual employee surveys.
Interview repatriated assignees about their experiences.
Follow local media reports.
What is the best way to handle the situation between the operations team and IT?
Offer to work with the operations team leader and the IT support staff manager to develop organization-wide project management guidance.
Decline to become involved in the dispute since the CEO has indicated a preference for dealing with the situation.
Implement team-building activities for all employees.
Investigate whether time management issues are problematic throughout the company.
What is the best method to address IT's fears about outsourcing?
Offer to work with IT leadership to build their internal networking and influencing skills so that they can effectively make their case to the CEO.
Tell IT that HR will work with the IT staff on comparing the productivity of outsourcing versus not outsourcing.
Analyze whether the effects of outsourcing IT align with the long-term strategic objectives of the organization.
Tell IT that HR will provide information to the CEO on how outsourcing will affect the morale of IT.
Which is a key advantage that market-based (external) job evaluation provides organizations over job-content-based (internal) job evaluation?
Comparing compensation to those externally in the same labor market competing for the same employees
Providing an appropriate, detailed, and thorough knowledge of external market rates and benefit offerings
Enabling companies to design and develop strong and sound pay system structures for managers
Determining the most effective way to pay employees either on an hourly or salaried basis
What constitutes bribery?
Giving or receiving something of value to influence a transaction
An employee having an economic or personal interest in a transaction
Hiring the former employees of a competitor
Obtaining the services of an agent or agency for assistance in securing a commercial contract
A manager tends to use his position in the organization’s hierarchy to justify his decisions. What type of power is this manager demonstrating?
Referent
Legitimate
Coercive
Expert
What question does the employment value proposition (EVP) answer?
What are the negative aspects of working for this company?
Why would a talented person want to work for this organization?
How does this company's pay scale compare to its competitor's pay scale?
To what extent are people actively engaged in their work?
Which of the following activities would be most useful in an organizational intervention to reshape culture?
Analyzing workforce demographic data
Observing job performance
Identifying recognized heroes
Benchmarking competitors
A cosmetics company opens a division in a geographical area where it has never competed before. It opts for a strategy of localization. What is the likely effect on HR?
HR must budget for training of local employees in headquarters policies and procedures.
The assignment of personnel across geographical areas will become easier.
The local HR office will develop a code of conduct, policies, and procedures and submit them for headquarters review.
HR management will schedule more frequent audits of the new function to identify instances of lax policy enforcement.
Management has a history of poor communication with employees. They act with little input and offer little rationale for decisions. A senior manager wants to conduct an employee attitude survey, believing it will help improve morale. What would be the most important thing you would advise?
Don't do it unless management commits to responding to results.
Ask for employee feedback; this will demonstrate interest in employee opinions.
Ask an outside consultant to create a survey that will have more credibility than one created internally.
Focus on safer workplace issues, such as facility operations and amenities.
What is a Benefit Corporation, or B Corp?
Outsourcing partner specializing in design of total rewards programs
Third-party participant in organization’s value chain
Special compensation classification for nonprofit organizations
International certification of corporate sustainability achievement
Which situation illustrates task conflict in team interactions?
A younger worker is frustrated with an older worker's political opinions.
A team member is offended by another worker's chronic lack of punctuality.
In a previous job, one member supervised the other. Now the two cannot cooperate.
Team members argue continually about the best measurement of project success.
What is the best approach HR can take when coaching a manager who chooses not to identify high-potential employees?
Assign the employees to a different manager.
Assign a mentor to IT employees with potential.
Give the manager a warning notice.
Counsel the manager on the importance of retention.
What is the benefit of determining your BATNA, or best alternative to a negotiated agreement, before beginning a negotiation?
More accurate sense of the value you need
More aggressive opening negotiation bid
Deeper understanding of the other side’s needs and wants
Quicker negotiating pace
How should HR best influence leaders to understand the impact that job analysis has on organizational success?
Ensure that HR has realistic tools to coordinate with competitors’ salary surveys.
Identify how job analysis provides a forum for engagement discussions with employees.
Describe how job analysis creates a platform for organizational development.
Explain to leaders how job analysis identifies the linkage between tasks and company goals by documenting the accurate and relevant description of jobs and KSAs.
How should HR best influence leaders to understand the impact that job analysis has on organizational success?
Ensure that HR has realistic tools to coordinate with competitors’ salary surveys.
Identify how job analysis provides a forum for engagement discussions with employees.
Describe how job analysis creates a platform for organizational development.
Explain to leaders how job analysis identifies the linkage between tasks and company goals by documenting the accurate and relevant description of jobs and KSAs.
Which is a key legal issue that should be established with a procedure ahead of signing a cloud computing contract?
Retrieving and deleting information from the provider’s systems in the event a canceled contract
Sharing of resources once the system is up and running and needs to be upgraded
How the system will handle union-based information for any union contracts
The amount of bandwidth that will be provided and how to increase it is necessary
What is the best and most objective way for HR to support its position of blending both cultures and convince leadership to move forward with the recommendation?
Provide leadership with pie charts, PowerPoint presentations, and reports to support HR’s recommendation.
Research evidence-based practices that support the recommendation from HR.
Conduct surveys with employees from both companies to gather input on what works well and what doesn’t work well within their respective cultures.
Research winners from the recent “Best Places to Work” list for recommendations on merging cultures.
Leadership has tasked HR with outlining an effective change management plan. What is the first thing HR should do to help manage the change in the organization?
Consult with the organization’s leaders to identify changes in culture and processes.
Communicate the change management plan to all of he employees.
Measure the effectiveness of the change.
Conduct a survey of the industry, asking questions about merger activity successes.
What is the first step HR should take to ensure that all employees are treated fairly in regard to pay, benefits, and working conditions?
Provide training on new jobs and processes.
Educate employees on the internal complaint procedure.
Tell employees that the company will address their concerns once the merger is completed.
Hold focus groups to understand the issues and recommend any changes to the leadership team.
The HR function wants to spend more time attracting and retaining talented employees. To do this, HR wants to outsource the payroll function. What justification should HR present to the CEO in support of an outsourcing recommendation?
Payroll is a specialized task that is not central to the organization’s strategic plans.
The outsourcing firm’s compensation can be set up on a shared risk/shared reward basis.
Payroll outsourcing will save the firm money and require minimal communication with the vendor.
Effective implementation of payroll outsourcing will not require staff approval or involvement.
The HR function wants to spend more time attracting and retaining talented employees. To do this, HR wants to outsource the payroll function. What justification should HR present to the CEO in support of an outsourcing recommendation?
Payroll is a specialized task that is not central to the organization’s strategic plans.
The outsourcing firm’s compensation can be set up on a shared risk/shared reward basis.
Payroll outsourcing will save the firm money and require minimal communication with the vendor.
Effective implementation of payroll outsourcing will not require staff approval or involvement.
What is the goal of a business continuity plans?
Rapid return to an acceptable level of productivity after a risk event
Stability in business leadership transitions over time
Increased consistency in policy and operations in a global organization
Smoother operational and cultural transitions during reorganizations
A company has been successful in recruiting a diverse workforce but has not seen a diversification of top management ranks. Which program might be most successful in addressing this problem?
Hiring quotas and targets
Sensitivity and diversity training
Mentorship program
Sexual harassment training
A mid-sized software organization is preparing to acquire two smaller software firms. The organizations that are being acquired will work both individually and collaboratively on new product lines with multiple dual roles. All three organizations are currently competitors with strong opinions about their competitions' competencies. Which type of organizational effectiveness intervention should be used to manage the change to dual reporting roles post-acquisition?
Organizational structure/design intervention strategy
Team or unit intervention
Technological strategy
Cultural alignment intervention
Which of the following best supports the business case for employee retention?
There are fewer compliance issues with employment laws.
Education and training expenditures are reduced.
Incentive-based rewards are more effective at all organizational levels.
Turnover and talent shortages affect organizational performance.
Which action best demonstrates HR’s understanding of an organization’s decision to adapt a differentiation strategy based upon innovative product design?
Collaboration with business leaders to develop an action plan to roll out the newly adopted strategy
Creation of a communication plan that outlines the new strategic direction and business implications
Development of recruiting strategies focused on attracting unique skill sets to the organization
Analysis of the skill set of employees in product development to benchmark current and future needs
A multinational organization allows its labor relationship to be managed entirely by the local subsidiary. This relationship is referred to as
standardized
laissez faire
centralized
hands-off
Senior management has determined that a reduction in force (RIF) is the only way it can address financial difficulties. Which action would best minimize the impact of the downsizing on the organization and employee morale?
Constructively discharge the least-productive employees.
Treat separation volunteers as terminations.
Imply a chance that terminated employees might be called back.
Grant additional benefits to employees who volunteer to be separated.
Which best demonstrates the organizational impact of a union avoidance strategy?
Increased time spent on contract negotiations
Increased risk of operational disruptions
Increased flexibility in management decisions
Increased time required to implement decisions
When would it be better to use a hard approach with a potential vendor during negotiations?
When the strategic importance of the relationship and the time available to negotiate are both high
When the strategic importance of the relationship and the time available to negotiate are both low
When there are few vendors prequalified to respond to the organization’s requests for proposal
When the negotiation is extremely complex and involves identifying many shared and common interests
A nongovernmental organization (NGO) has recently reviewed a five-year community health program. The HR team has been tasked with analyzing trends and making recommendations about future expansion. What activity will require the use of cultural intelligence?
Logistics for delivery and storage of medical supplies and the import laws for vaccines
Synopsis of medical licensing requirements for the potential expansion areas
How family and community leadership dynamics influence access to health services and education
Average travel distance required by expectant mothers to reach a clinical facility