The drawing shows a dark-colored peppered moth and a light-colored peppered moth.

The increased use of coal in 19th-century England lead to the coating of the landscape with black coal dust. The event coincided with a change in peppered moth populations. Over time, the frequency of dark-colored moths became greater than that of light-colored moths. What was the advantage of the dark-colored moths over the light-colored moths?

Members of the same species of bird became geographically separated. Over many years, the two groups evolved to become two different species. Which of these observations is the BEST evidence that two separate species developed?

Some scientists have suggested that pandas may be more closely related to raccoons than to bears. What could scientists compare between pandas and the raccoons to help classify the panda more accurately?

Which factor MOST accurately describes the statement “Survival of the fittest” in relation to natural selection?

Some antibiotics used to treat infections in humans are also used to treat chickens, but some groups oppose this practice. The overuse of the antibiotics will MOST likely influence the natural selection of which type of organisms?

In 2005, scientists discovered a strain of fruit flies that was resistant to the pesticide DDT. Although pesticide resistance can sometimes decrease the overall fitness of an organism, these flies did not exhibit reduced fitness. In fact, the flies thrived in the absence of the pesticide. Bacteria Y is a harmful strain of a usually helpful bacteria that lives on human skin. Antibiotic X is usually effective against bacteria Y.

Suppose a situation similar to the fruit fly’s resistance to DDT developed between bacteria Y and antibiotic X. Which course of treatment would MOST likely help a patient suffering from a disease caused by the newly developed strain of bacteria Y?

The Florida panther has been listed as an endangered species since 1967.

Which natural occurrence has MOST likely led to this species being unable to adapt and becoming endangered?

Use the table below to identify the unknown plant in the question that follows.

An unidentified plant produces spores, has many cells, but does not have true leaves. What plant is it?

Which BEST explains why antibiotics lose their effectiveness over a period of years?

Which factor determines if two individuals are members of the same species?

Rhinoceroses and horses are related. They have very similar digestive systems and an odd number of toes on their feet. Horses have one toe, and rhinoceroses have three. These facts BEST support which claim?

Examine the illustration carefully.

Which is the BEST prediction of what might happen to the moth population over time?

A farmer sprayed his orange trees with a pesticide to eliminate the insects damaging the trees. Some of the insects survived and produced offspring that were also resistant to the pesticide. Which process is illustrated by the pesticide resistance of the offspring?

Scientists discovered that DNA sequences are conserved over generations. How did this discovery MOST benefit the study of organism classification?

Which is MOST likely responsible for the chinch bugs’ ability to survive repeated exposure to insecticides?

Scientists study similarities between groups of organisms to determine how they may have changed over time.

All of the following are used as evidence for the similarities between the two organisms shown above EXCEPT

Examine the data in the table below.

Based on the data in the table, which cladogram is MOST accurate?

A fish in a pond has longer protective spines than any other fish of its species. The spines keep the fish safe from predators. The fish has many offspring, which also have long spines. Which statement BEST describes what happened?

Natural selection CANNOT occur without

Manatees are large marine mammals that live in warm coastal waters of the southeastern United States, the Gulf Coast, Central America, and South America. Elephants are large land mammals native to Africa and Southeast Asia. Manatees and elephants share a recent common ancestor. Manatees do not have hind legs, but they do have small bones near their pelvises. Scientists think these bones indicate that ancestors of manatees did have hind legs.

Which claim about the common ancestor of manatees and elephants is BEST supported by the facts above?

Which of these BEST describes the benefit of genetic variation within a species?

A student found a small unfamiliar animal. It had small ears and its tail had hair on it. The tail was 19 mm long. Use the following key to identify the animal.

What is the animal?

The overuse of antibiotics is causing a rise in the number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Which mechanism would MOST likely account for this?

A cricket population includes approximately the same number of black and light-brown crickets. Black crickets are easier for birds to locate and eat. Over time, the population begins to consist of only light-brown crickets. The change in the color of the cricket population is a result of